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General Chemistry for Anatomy & Physiology Pt 1

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Termini in questo insieme (19)

  • What is matter?

    Matter has mass and occupies space. It exists in states solid, liquid, or gas, depending on energy.

  • What are elements?

    Elements are components of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions. There are over 100 elements, each with a chemical symbol.

  • Which elements are major in living organisms?

    Major elements include C, H, O, N, S, P. Trace elements include Si, Mg, etc.

  • What are the parts of an atom?

    An atom has a nucleus containing protons (p+) and neutrons (n0), with electrons (e-) orbiting. The number of electrons equals protons.

  • Define atomic number.

    Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

  • Define mass number.

    Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

  • What is atomic mass (weight)?

    Atomic mass is the mass of protons plus neutrons plus electrons, with protons and neutrons each about 1 amu, electrons much less. It is the average of all isotopes.

  • What is an isotope?

    Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are radioactive.

  • What are radioactive isotopes used for?

    Radioactive isotopes are unstable and emit radiation. They are used to treat cancer, detect cancer, and date fossils.

  • How are elements ordered in the periodic table?

    Elements in the periodic table are ordered by increasing atomic number.

  • What is a chemical reaction?

    A chemical reaction involves atoms combining or breaking apart. Two or more atoms form a molecule. Different elements combined form a compound. Electrons are involved.

  • What are electron energy levels?

    Electron energy levels are regions where electrons orbit the nucleus: K(2), L(8), M(18), N(32). Full levels are stable. Atoms combine to achieve stability.

  • What is the octet rule?

    The octet rule states that beginning with the 2nd energy level, 8 electrons in the outer shell make the atom stable.

  • What is valence?

    Valence is the number of extra or missing electrons in the outermost energy level (valence electrons).

  • What are inert elements?

    Inert elements (Group VIII) have full valence shells and are non-reactive.

  • How do electrons transfer between energy levels?

    Energy input excites electrons to outer levels (e.g., photosynthesis). When electrons fall back, energy is released (e.g., fluorescence).

  • What are the three main types of chemical bonds?

    The three main chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

  • Describe an ionic bond.

    An ionic bond forms when one element gives up electron(s) to another, producing ions (cations/anions). It is non-directional and of intermediate strength, e.g., NaCl.

  • Describe a covalent bond.

    A covalent bond involves sharing electrons. It is directional and the strongest bond, e.g., CH4 (single bonds), CO2 (double bonds).