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Heart Anatomy and Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (25)

  • Cardiac muscle cell features

    Short, branched cells with intercalated disks for rapid electrical communication, numerous mitochondria for energy, less intracellular Ca2+ storage, and autorhythmicity to initiate impulses.

  • Function of intercalated disks

    Specialized junctions that connect cardiac cells, allowing rapid electrical communication and synchronized contraction.

  • Autorhythmicity in cardiac cells

    The ability to generate rhythmic action potentials without external stimulation, as seen in the sinoatrial (SA) node.

  • Layers of the heart wall

    Epicardium (outer protective layer), Myocardium (muscular middle layer for contraction), and Endocardium (inner lining for smooth blood flow).

  • Pericardium structure

    Double-layered sac with parietal pericardium attached to thoracic cavity, visceral pericardium (epicardium) covering the heart, and a pericardial cavity filled with fluid to reduce friction.

  • Pulmonary circuit function

    Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

  • Systemic circuit function

    Distributes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

  • Coronary circulation

    Supplies blood to the heart muscle itself via coronary arteries and veins.

  • Heart chambers and their roles

    Atria receive blood; ventricles pump blood out of the heart.

  • Interatrial and interventricular septa

    Interatrial septum separates atria; interventricular septum separates ventricles, preventing blood mixing.

  • Function of atrioventricular (AV) valves

    Located between atria and ventricles, they prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.

  • Function of semilunar valves

    Located at ventricular exits, they prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles after ejection.

  • Right AV (Tricuspid) valve location and function

    Between right atrium and right ventricle; prevents backflow into right atrium.

  • Pulmonary (Semilunar) valve location and function

    Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk; prevents backflow into right ventricle.

  • Left AV (Bicuspid/Mitral) valve location and function

    Between left atrium and left ventricle; prevents backflow into left atrium.

  • Aortic (Semilunar) valve location and function

    Between left ventricle and aorta; prevents backflow into left ventricle.

  • Right atrium blood flow

    Receives deoxygenated blood from superior & inferior vena cava and coronary sinus; sends blood to right ventricle.

  • Left atrium blood flow

    Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins; sends blood to left ventricle.

  • Right ventricle blood flow

    Receives blood from right atrium; pumps blood through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk and arteries.

  • Left ventricle blood flow

    Receives blood from left atrium; pumps blood through aortic valve to aorta and systemic circulation.

  • Ductus arteriosus and ligamentum arteriosum

    Fetal vessel connecting pulmonary artery to aorta; closes after birth to form ligamentum arteriosum.

  • Role of mitochondria in cardiac cells

    Numerous mitochondria provide ATP to meet the heart's high energy demands for continuous contraction.

  • Calcium source for cardiac muscle contraction

    Cardiac cells rely more on extracellular calcium than skeletal muscle for contraction.

  • Similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction

    Both use sarcomeres as contractile units for muscle contraction.

  • Function of feedback cycles in heart regulation

    Negative and positive feedback cycles regulate heart rate and output to maintain homeostasis.