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heart review chapter questions 1

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Termini in questo insieme (34)

  • Location of the heart

    The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, within the mediastinum, between the lungs, behind the sternum, and above the diaphragm, mostly left of the midline.

  • Define apex and base of the heart

    Apex: pointed inferior portion formed mainly by the left ventricle.
    Base: broad superior/posterior portion where great vessels attach.

  • What is the pericardium and pericardial cavity?

    Pericardium: sac surrounding and protecting the heart.
    Pericardial cavity: space between parietal and visceral serous pericardium containing pericardial fluid.

  • Function of pericardial fluid

    Pericardial fluid reduces friction between serous pericardial membranes during heartbeats.

  • How is cardiac muscle tissue different from skeletal and smooth muscle?

    Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, branched, usually with one nucleus, and connected by intercalated discs.

  • Functions of intercalated discs, desmosomes, and gap junctions

    Intercalated discs: connect cardiac cells.
    Desmosomes: hold cells together mechanically.
    Gap junctions: allow rapid electrical signal passage.

  • Structural and functional differences: atria, auricles, ventricles

    Atria: thin-walled superior chambers that receive blood.
    Auricles: muscular extensions increasing atrial capacity.
    Ventricles: thick-walled inferior chambers that pump blood out.

  • Location and function of interatrial septum and interventricular septum

    Interatrial septum: between atria, separates them.
    Interventricular septum: between ventricles, separates them and contains conduction pathway parts.

  • Role of trabeculae carneae and foramen ovale

    Trabeculae carneae: ridges inside ventricles aiding contraction and preventing walls from sticking.
    Foramen ovale: fetal opening in interatrial septum allowing blood to bypass lungs; closes after birth.

  • Location and function of mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid valves

    Tricuspid valve: RA to RV, prevents backflow to right atrium.
    Mitral valve: LA to LV, prevents backflow to left atrium.

  • Function of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

    Chordae tendineae attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles.
    Papillary muscles contract during systole to tighten chordae and prevent valve prolapse.
    They do not close valves; pressure differences do.

  • How do heart valves open and close?

    Valves open or close due to pressure differences across them: open when pressure behind is greater, close when pressure ahead is greater.

  • What is rheumatic fever and a heart murmur?

    Rheumatic fever: inflammatory disease after untreated strep infection damaging valves.
    Heart murmur: abnormal sound from turbulent blood flow, often due to valve issues.

  • Major blood vessels bringing blood to and away from the heart

    To heart: superior & inferior vena cava, coronary sinus to RA; pulmonary veins to LA.
    Away from heart: pulmonary trunk to lungs; aorta to body.

  • Blood vessels supplying the heart muscle and their function

    Right and left coronary arteries supply myocardium with oxygen and nutrients.
    Cardiac veins remove deoxygenated blood, draining into coronary sinus → RA.

  • Name the three sulci on the heart surface

    Coronary sulcus: separates atria and ventricles.
    Anterior interventricular sulcus: anterior ventricular separation.
    Posterior interventricular sulcus: posterior ventricular separation.

  • Difference between systemic and pulmonary circuits

    Pulmonary circuit: RV → lungs → LA, for gas exchange.
    Systemic circuit: LV → body → RA, delivers oxygen to tissues.

  • What are autorhythmic cells and their function?

    Specialized cardiac cells that spontaneously generate action potentials to establish and conduct the heart's electrical rhythm; SA node is the main pacemaker.

  • What are contractile cells and their role?

    Contractile cardiomyocytes that contract to pump blood in response to electrical signals.

  • How are action potentials generated in autorhythmic vs contractile cells?

    Autorhythmic cells spontaneously depolarize to threshold and fire action potentials.
    Contractile cells receive electrical signals via gap junctions and depolarize in response.

  • Ions responsible for contraction and repolarization in cardiac cells

    Na⁺: depolarization.
    Ca²⁺: enters during plateau, triggers contraction.
    K⁺: exits causing repolarization.
    Calcium is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum during relaxation.

  • Effects of epinephrine, calcium-channel blockers, and beta blockers on the heart

    Epinephrine: increases heart rate and contractility.
    Calcium-channel blockers: reduce Ca²⁺ entry, lowering heart rate and/or contractility.
    Beta blockers: decrease heart rate and contractility by blocking sympathetic stimulation.

  • Components and conduction direction of the heart's intrinsic conduction system

    SA node → AV node → AV bundle (His) → right & left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.
    SA node initiates impulse; AV node delays it to allow ventricular filling.

  • Define cardiac output and its significance

    Cardiac output (CO) = blood pumped by one ventricle per minute.
    CO = HR × SV.
    It determines oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues.

  • Phases of the cardiac cycle

    1. Ventricular filling
    2. Atrial systole
    3. Isovolumetric contraction
    4. Ventricular ejection
    5. Isovolumetric relaxation

  • Difference between systole and diastole

    Systole: contraction phase.
    Diastole: relaxation phase.

  • What do P wave, QRS complex, and T wave represent on an EKG?

    P wave: atrial depolarization.
    QRS complex: ventricular depolarization.
    T wave: ventricular repolarization.

  • What causes normal heart sounds and what is a heart murmur?

    Heart sounds are caused by valve closures and resulting vibrations.
    LUB (S1): AV valves close.
    DUB (S2): semilunar valves close.
    Heart murmur is abnormal sound from turbulent flow, often valve-related.

  • How is heart rate regulated?

    SA node sets rate, modified by autonomic nervous system.
    Sympathetic stimulation increases HR.
    Parasympathetic (vagus nerve) decreases HR.
    Epinephrine also increases HR.

  • Define EDV, ESV, stroke volume, and factors affecting stroke volume

    EDV: blood volume in ventricle after filling.
    ESV: blood remaining after ejection.
    Stroke volume (SV): SV = EDV − ESV.
    Factors: preload, contractility, afterload.

  • Relationship between stroke volume and cardiac output

    Cardiac output (CO) = heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV).
    If SV increases with constant HR, CO increases.

  • Effect of exercise on heart rate

    Exercise increases heart rate to raise cardiac output and oxygen delivery.
    Regular aerobic training lowers resting HR due to increased stroke volume.

  • What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

    CHF is when the heart cannot pump effectively, causing blood backup and fluid congestion.
    Left-sided failure causes lung edema; right-sided causes systemic tissue edema.

  • What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

    CAD is narrowing/blockage of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis.
    It reduces blood and oxygen to myocardium, causing ischemia, angina, or heart attack.