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Immunity and Lymphatic System Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Adaptive (acquired) defense system
    The third line of defense that targets specific pathogens with tailored immune responses involving lymphocytes.
  • Antibody (immunoglobulin, Ig)
    Proteins produced by plasma cells that specifically bind to antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction.
  • Antigen (foreign/heteroantigen)
    A molecule recognized as foreign by the immune system that triggers an immune response.
  • Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
    Immunity involving B cells that produce antibodies circulating in body fluids to fight pathogens.
  • Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
    Immunity involving T cells that directly attack infected or abnormal cells.
  • B cells (B lymphocytes)
    Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies as part of humoral immunity.
  • T cells (T lymphocytes)
    Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and mediate cellular immunity.
  • Helper T cells (TH)
    T cells that activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages to coordinate the immune response.
  • Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
    T cells that kill infected or cancerous cells by inducing apoptosis.
  • Regulatory T cells (TReg)
    T cells that suppress immune responses to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases.
  • Memory B and T cells
    Long-lived lymphocytes that provide faster and stronger responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
    Cell surface proteins that present antigen fragments to T cells to initiate immune responses.
  • Phagocytes
    Cells like macrophages and neutrophils that engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
  • Natural killer (NK) cells
    Lymphocytes that kill virus-infected and tumor cells without prior sensitization.
  • Innate (nonspecific) defense system
    The first and second lines of defense providing immediate, general protection against pathogens.
  • Inflammation
    A nonspecific response to tissue injury characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
  • Complement proteins
    Plasma proteins that enhance inflammation, opsonize pathogens, and form membrane attack complexes.
  • Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
    Network of vessels that transport lymph from tissues to the bloodstream.
  • Lymph nodes
    Small lymphoid organs that filter lymph and house immune cells to detect pathogens.
  • Spleen
    An organ that filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and mounts immune responses.
  • Thymus
    Primary lymphoid organ where T cells mature and become immunocompetent.
  • Bone marrow
    Primary lymphoid tissue where B cells mature and blood cells are produced.
  • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
    Lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes that protect against pathogens entering via mucosa.
  • Peyer’s patches
    Aggregated lymphoid nodules in the small intestine that monitor intestinal bacteria.
  • Autoimmune diseases
    Conditions where the immune system attacks self-antigens, causing tissue damage.
  • Fever
    A systemic response to infection that raises body temperature to inhibit pathogen growth.
  • Histamine
    A chemical released by basophils and mast cells that increases blood vessel permeability during inflammation.
  • Heparin
    An anticoagulant released by basophils to prevent blood clotting at inflammation sites.
  • White blood cells types
    Include basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, each with specific immune roles.