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Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What are the two major parts of the integumentary system?
    1) Cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis) 2) Accessory structures (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)
  • List the main functions of the skin.
    Physical protection, immune response coordination, sensory information, excretion, thermoregulation, storage of lipids, synthesis of vitamin D.
  • What type of epithelium composes the epidermis?
    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Name the four main cell types found in the epidermis.
    Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans (dendritic) cells, Merkel (tactile) cells.
  • What is the function of keratinocytes?
    Produce fibrous keratin protein that gives skin its protective properties.
  • What pigment do melanocytes produce and what is its function?
    Melanin; protects skin from UV radiation by absorbing it and forming sun shields around nuclei.
  • Describe the difference between thin and thick skin.
    Thin skin has 4 strata (no stratum lucidum), covers most of the body. Thick skin has 5 strata including stratum lucidum, found on palms and soles.
  • List the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial.
    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), stratum corneum.
  • What is the stratum basale and its key features?
    Deepest epidermal layer; single layer of stem cells that divide to replace superficial keratinocytes; contains melanocytes and Merkel cells.
  • What occurs in the stratum granulosum?
    Keratinocytes flatten, organelles disintegrate, keratinization begins, cells above this layer die.
  • What is the role of the stratum corneum?
    Superficial layer of dead, keratinized cells that protect deeper layers, prevent water loss, and act as a barrier.
  • Define insensible and sensible perspiration.
    Insensible: unnoticeable sweat (~500ml/day) with no moisture perception. Sensible: noticeable sweat produced during elevated body temperature.
  • What pigments influence skin color?
    Carotene (yellow-orange) and melanin (red/yellow pheomelanin or brown/black eumelanin).
  • How does blood flow affect skin color?
    Oxygenated hemoglobin gives a pinkish hue; low oxygen causes cyanosis (bluish tint).
  • What is albinism?
    Inherited inability to produce melanin; melanocytes present but do not produce pigment.
  • What is vitiligo?
    Partial or complete loss of melanocytes due to immune system attack, causing depigmented skin patches.
  • What are the two layers of the dermis and their characteristics?
    Papillary layer: areolar tissue with dermal papillae containing blood vessels and sensory receptors. Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
  • What are cleavage lines in the dermis?
    Parallel bundles of collagen fibers that resist skin forces; important for surgical incisions to minimize scarring.
  • What is the hypodermis and its function?
    Subcutaneous layer of adipose and areolar tissue; stabilizes skin, stores fat (~80% of body fat), and is a site for injections.
  • What are the main functions of hair?
    Protects and insulates scalp, guards openings against debris, and acts as a sensory receptor.
  • Describe the structure of a hair follicle.
    Extends from epidermis into dermis; includes hair bulb, arrector pili muscle, and sensory neurons.
  • What are the types of hair and their characteristics?
    Vellus hairs: fine, pale body hair. Terminal hairs: coarse, pigmented hair on scalp, eyebrows, axillary, and pubic regions.
  • What do sebaceous glands secrete and their function?
    Secrete sebum (oil) that inhibits bacterial growth, lubricates skin and hair.
  • What are the two types of sweat glands and their differences?
    Apocrine glands: secrete into hair follicles, found in axillary and pubic regions, produce odorous secretions. Eccrine glands: secrete onto skin surface, widely distributed, regulate body temperature.
  • What are nails composed of and their main parts?
    Dead keratinized cells; main parts are nail body, free edge, and nail root.
  • How are burns classified by depth?
    First-degree: epidermis only. Second-degree: epidermis and dermis. Third-degree: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer.
  • What are the three major types of skin cancer?
    Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.
  • What is the ABCD rule for melanoma detection?
    A: asymmetry, B: border irregularity, C: color variation, D: diameter > 6 mm.