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Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What is the smallest unit that can carry out functions of life?
    Cell is the basic unit of life; all organisms are composed of cells.
  • Define metabolism in living organisms.
    Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism, including building up and breaking down substances.
  • What are the two forms of growth in living organisms?
    Growth occurs by increase in cell size and increase in cell number.
  • What is excretion in living organisms?
    Excretion is the elimination of harmful waste products created by metabolic processes.
  • What does responsiveness or irritability mean in living organisms?
    It is the ability to sense and react to changes or stimuli in the environment.
  • Describe the movement characteristic of living organisms.
    Movement includes motion of the entire organism, individual cells, or materials within or between cells.
  • What are the two forms of reproduction in multicellular organisms?
    Cells reproduce to grow and replace damaged cells; the organism reproduces to yield similar offspring.
  • List the six structural levels of organization in the human body.
    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism levels.
  • What defines the chemical level of organization?
    Smallest level, from atoms to complex molecules like phospholipids.
  • What is the cellular level of organization?
    Groups of molecules form cellular structures like the cell membrane and cells.
  • What composes the tissue level of organization?
    Two or more cell types cooperate with extracellular matrix to perform a common function.
  • What characterizes the organ level of organization?
    Two or more tissue types combined to form a structure with a recognizable shape and specialized task.
  • What is the organ system level?
    Groups of organs working together to carry out broad functions, e.g., digestive system.
  • How many organ systems are in the human body?
    There are 11 organ systems that work together to maintain survival.
  • Name three major functions of the integumentary system.
    Protection, vitamin D synthesis, and temperature regulation.
  • What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
    Support, protection, leverage for movement, blood cell production, and calcium storage.
  • What is the primary function of the muscular system?
    Movement, control of body openings, and heat generation.
  • List key functions of the nervous system.
    Regulation via nerve impulses, sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions.
  • What does the cardiovascular system do?
    Transports cells, nutrients, and wastes; pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs and oxygen-rich blood to tissues.
  • What is homeostasis?
    Maintenance of a stable internal environment within a narrow normal range.
  • Describe a negative feedback loop.
    A mechanism that opposes a change in a regulated variable to return it to normal.
  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
    Form of a structure is always such that it best suits its function.
  • What is a physiological gradient?
    A difference in concentration, temperature, or pressure between two connected regions.
  • How do cells communicate to maintain homeostasis?
    Via chemical messengers or electrical signals to coordinate body functions.
  • What is the anatomical position?
    Body standing upright, feet shoulder-width apart, arms at sides, palms and face forward.
  • Define the directional terms anterior and posterior.
    Anterior (ventral) means front; posterior (dorsal) means back.
  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?
    Right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants.
  • What are serous membranes?
    Thin tissue layers that surround organs and produce lubricating serous fluid.
  • Name the three main serous body cavities.
    Pleural (lungs), pericardial (heart), and peritoneal (abdominal organs) cavities.