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Membrane Specializations, Transport, and Protein Synthesis in Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • Microvilli

    Microvilli are finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane to enhance absorption.

  • Cilia

    Cilia are hair-like structures that move fluid, mucus, or cells over the surface of the tissue.

  • Flagella

    Flagella are long, whip-like structures that propel cells, such as sperm, through fluid.

  • Secondary Active Transport

    Secondary active transport uses the energy from an ion gradient created by primary active transport to move other substances against their gradient.

  • Vesicular Transport

    Vesicular transport moves large molecules or particles across the membrane via vesicles, including endocytosis and exocytosis.

  • Phases of Protein Synthesis

    Protein synthesis includes transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm at ribosomes.

  • Transcription Location

    Transcription occurs in the nucleus where DNA is copied into mRNA.

  • Translation Location

    Translation occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm where mRNA is decoded to form a polypeptide chain.

  • Role of Ribosomes in Protein Synthesis

    Ribosomes read mRNA sequences and assemble amino acids into proteins during translation.

  • Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum in Protein Synthesis

    The rough ER synthesizes and folds proteins destined for secretion or membrane insertion.

  • Function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

    The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, not directly in protein synthesis.

  • Golgi Apparatus Role in Protein Processing

    The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport to their destinations.

  • Endocytosis

    Endocytosis is the process of engulfing substances into the cell via vesicles.

  • Exocytosis

    Exocytosis is the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.

  • Primary Active Transport

    Primary active transport uses ATP directly to move ions or molecules against their concentration gradient.

  • Example of Secondary Active Transport

    The sodium-glucose cotransporter uses the sodium gradient to transport glucose into cells.

  • Difference Between Cilia and Flagella

    Cilia are short and numerous, moving substances over cell surfaces; flagella are longer and usually singular, propelling the entire cell.

  • Importance of Membrane Specializations

    Membrane specializations like microvilli, cilia, and flagella enhance cell function by increasing surface area or enabling movement.

  • Role of mRNA in Protein Synthesis

    mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein assembly.

  • Role of tRNA in Translation

    tRNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome matching the mRNA codon during translation.