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Membrane Specializations, Transport Mechanisms, and Protein Synthesis Phases

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • Microvilli

    Microvilli are finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane to enhance absorption.

  • Cilia

    Cilia are hair-like structures that move fluid, mucus, or cells over the surface of the tissue.

  • Flagella

    Flagella are long, whip-like structures that enable cell motility, such as sperm movement.

  • Secondary active transport

    Secondary active transport uses the energy from an ion gradient created by primary active transport to move substances against their concentration gradient.

  • Vesicular transport

    Vesicular transport involves the movement of large molecules or particles across the membrane via vesicles, including endocytosis and exocytosis.

  • Phases of protein synthesis

    Protein synthesis occurs in three main phases: transcription (in the nucleus), RNA processing (in the nucleus), and translation (in the cytoplasm).

  • Transcription in protein synthesis

    Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) inside the nucleus.

  • RNA processing

    RNA processing modifies the primary mRNA transcript by splicing out introns and adding a 5' cap and poly-A tail in the nucleus.

  • Translation in protein synthesis

    Translation is the process where ribosomes in the cytoplasm read mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

  • Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis

    Ribosomes facilitate the decoding of mRNA and the formation of peptide bonds during translation.

  • Endocytosis

    Endocytosis is a vesicular transport process where the cell engulfs extracellular material by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane.

  • Exocytosis

    Exocytosis is the process where vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.

  • Primary active transport

    Primary active transport uses ATP directly to move molecules against their concentration gradient via transport proteins like pumps.

  • Difference between microvilli and cilia

    Microvilli increase surface area for absorption, while cilia move substances across the cell surface.

  • Location of protein synthesis phases

    Transcription and RNA processing occur in the nucleus; translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

  • Function of the 5' cap and poly-A tail in mRNA

    The 5' cap and poly-A tail protect mRNA from degradation and assist in its export from the nucleus and translation.

  • Role of tRNA in translation

    Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings specific amino acids to the ribosome matching the mRNA codon during translation.

  • How secondary active transport differs from primary active transport

    Secondary active transport uses ion gradients created by primary active transport instead of ATP directly.

  • Types of vesicular transport

    Major types include endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) and exocytosis.

  • Function of flagella in human cells

    Flagella provide motility to sperm cells, enabling them to swim.