IndietroMicrobiology Fundamentals 1-4
04:26
Termini in questo insieme (29)
Phagocytosis is the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.
Pinocytosis is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
Exocytosis is the process where cell vacuole contents are released outside the cell by fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Lysosomes are organelles containing digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
The centrosome organizes microtubules, provides cell structure, and pulls chromatids apart during cell division.
Chloroplasts convert sunlight into sugars usable by cells through photosynthesis.
The nucleus controls and regulates cell activities like growth and metabolism and contains hereditary genetic information.
The endoplasmic reticulum produces and processes proteins and lipids; it is a series of sacs and tubular folds outside the nucleus.
Ribosomes synthesize proteins; 70S ribosomes are found in prokaryotes, 80S in eukaryotes.
The Golgi complex processes and packages macromolecules like proteins and lipids synthesized by the cell.
Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, breaking down nutrients to produce energy.
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus; prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Endospore formation occurs under nutrient scarcity in gram-positive bacteria, producing dormant spores that can survive long periods.
Cytoplasm is a thick solution filling the cell, supporting and suspending organelles and molecules.
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, selectively permeable to regulate substance movement in and out of cells.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of particles down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier molecules, without energy use.
Active transport moves substances from low to high concentration across membranes, requiring energy.
Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers and teichoic acids; Gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan, an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and a periplasmic space.
1. Apply crystal violet (primary stain). 2. Add Gram's iodine (mordant). 3. Decolorize with ethanol/acetone. 4. Counterstain with safranin.
The capsule is a carbohydrate-rich coating outside many cells, protecting and helping bacteria attach to surfaces.
Flagella are whip-like structures that enable cell movement.
Pili are thin, rigid protein fibers that help bacteria attach to surfaces or other cells.
Axial filaments are rotating endo-flagella that allow spirochetes to move in a corkscrew motion.
Coccus is spherical, Bacillus is rod-shaped, and spiral includes vibrio (comma-shaped), spirillum, and spirochete forms.
Binary fission is asexual reproduction where a cell duplicates its DNA and divides into two identical cells.
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic without nuclei; Eukarya have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
1. Monera (prokaryotes), 2. Protista (single/multicellular eukaryotes), 3. Fungi (non-photosynthetic decomposers), 4. Animalia (multicellular heterotrophs), 5. Plantae (mostly autotrophic eukaryotes).
Germ theory states that microorganisms cause disease, disproving spontaneous generation; developed by Louis Pasteur.