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Muscular System - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What connective tissues surround skeletal muscle fibers, fascicles, and the entire muscle?
    Endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers, perimysium surrounds fascicles, and epimysium encloses the entire muscle.
  • Define a motor unit in skeletal muscle.
    A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates, controlling muscle contraction.
  • How does the number of muscle cells in a motor unit affect movement precision?
    Fewer muscle cells in a motor unit allow for more precise movements.
  • Describe the parallel fascicle arrangement in skeletal muscles.
    Fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle; muscle and tendon have the same width.
  • What characterizes a convergent muscle fascicle arrangement?
    Fascicles are broad and triangular, tapering to a single tendon.
  • Explain the pennate fascicle arrangement and its variations.
    Fascicles attach to tendon at an angle, resembling a feather; variations include unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate.
  • What is the function of sphincter muscles?
    Sphincters have circular fascicles that surround body openings and provide voluntary control over opening and closing.
  • How are muscles commonly named in anatomy?
    Muscles are named based on location, anatomical structures they attach to, actions performed, or appearance.
  • List the four functional groups of muscles involved in movement.
    Agonists (prime movers), antagonists, synergists, and fixators.
  • What is the difference between muscle origin and insertion?
    The origin is the fixed anchoring point, usually not moving; the insertion is the moving end attached to the bone or structure.
  • Name the primary muscles involved in mastication (chewing).
    The masseter and temporalis muscles elevate the mandible for biting and chewing.
  • Which muscles move the head and neck?
    Key muscles include sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and trapezius.
  • What is the role of the erector spinae muscles?
    They are powerful extensors of the spine and assist in lateral bending and rotation.
  • Which muscles are involved in respiration?
    The diaphragm, internal intercostals, and external intercostals.
  • Name the four abdominal muscles.
    Rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis.
  • Which muscles move the scapula?
    Muscles include serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, trapezius, levator scapulae, and rhomboids.
  • What muscles form the rotator cuff group?
    Teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis.
  • Which muscles flex the elbow joint?
    Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis.
  • Name the muscles that extend the elbow joint.
    The triceps brachii muscle extends the elbow.
  • Which muscles flex the thigh at the hip?
    Iliopsoas and sartorius muscles flex the thigh.
  • What muscle group extends the leg at the knee?
    The quadriceps femoris group: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
  • Which muscles adduct the thigh?
    Adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis.
  • Name the gluteal muscles and their general functions.
    Gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus extend, abduct, and rotate the thigh.
  • Which muscles flex the leg at the knee (hamstrings)?
    Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
  • What muscles dorsiflex the foot at the ankle?
    Tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus.
  • Which muscles plantar flex the foot at the ankle?
    The triceps surae group: soleus and gastrocnemius.
  • Name muscles that evert the foot.
    Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis.
  • Which muscles invert the foot?
    Tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior.