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Muscular System Fundamentals - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • Three types of muscle tissue

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated, attached to bones), cardiac (involuntary, striated, heart), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated, walls of organs).

  • Muscular system definition

    The muscular system consists of all muscles in the body that enable movement, maintain posture, and produce heat.

  • Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

    Endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers, perimysium surrounds fascicles, and epimysium surrounds the entire muscle.

  • Tendon and aponeurosis

    Tendon is a cord-like connective tissue attaching muscle to bone; aponeurosis is a broad, flat connective tissue serving the same function.

  • Microscopic structure of skeletal muscle

    Composed of muscle fibers containing myofibrils with actin (thin) and myosin (thick) myofilaments responsible for contraction.

  • Role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction

    Myosin heads bind to actin filaments forming cross-bridges that pull actin to shorten the muscle fiber.

  • Initiation of an action potential in muscle cell

    Triggered by a nerve impulse causing release of acetylcholine, leading to depolarization and an action potential in the muscle fiber.

  • Events of muscle cell contraction

    Action potential triggers calcium release, enabling myosin-actin cross-bridge cycling and muscle shortening.

  • Graded response in skeletal muscle

    Variation in muscle contraction strength due to changes in stimulus frequency or number of fibers activated.

  • Tetanus in muscle contraction

    A sustained muscle contraction caused by rapid, repeated stimuli without relaxation.

  • Isotonic vs isometric contractions

    Isotonic: muscle changes length to move load; isometric: muscle tension increases without changing length.

  • Muscle tone definition

    Continuous, partial contraction of muscles to maintain posture and readiness.

  • Three pathways for ATP regeneration in muscle

    Creatine phosphate pathway, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic respiration.

  • Oxygen deficit and muscle fatigue

    Oxygen deficit is the extra oxygen needed after exercise; muscle fatigue is the inability to contract due to ATP depletion or lactic acid buildup.

  • Effects of aerobic exercise on muscles

    Increases muscle endurance, capillary density, and mitochondrial number.

  • Effects of resistance exercise on muscles

    Increases muscle size (hypertrophy) and strength by enlarging muscle fibers.

  • Muscle origin and insertion

    Origin is the fixed attachment; insertion is the movable attachment of a muscle.

  • Prime mover, antagonist, synergist, fixator

    Prime mover: main muscle causing movement; antagonist: opposes movement; synergist: assists prime mover; fixator: stabilizes origin.

  • Types of body movements

    Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

  • Criteria for naming muscles

    Based on location, shape, size, direction of fibers, number of origins, origin/insertion, and action.

  • Importance of nerve supply and exercise for muscles

    Nerve supply enables contraction; exercise maintains muscle strength, tone, and health.

  • Changes in aging muscles

    Decrease in muscle mass, strength, and endurance; increased fat infiltration and slower repair.