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Neoplasia and Cancer Pathophysiology

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • Define neoplasia

    Neoplasia is new, uncoordinated growth of tissue that persists after the stimulus for growth has ceased, resulting in an abnormal mass of tissue.

  • What regulates normal cell proliferation?

    Genetic programming, signals like hormones or growth factors, apoptosis, and senescence regulate normal cell proliferation.

  • What is apoptosis?

    Apoptosis is programmed cell death that eliminates excess or damaged cells to maintain tissue health.

  • How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

    Cancer cells show unrestrained growth, anaplasia (undifferentiated), pleomorphism (varied size/shape), DNA mutations, and produce tumour markers.

  • What are the key stages of carcinogenesis?

    Initiation (carcinogen exposure), promotion (growth of transformed cells), and progression (malignant changes).

  • What genetic changes contribute to cancer?

    Mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumour-suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes contribute to cancer development.

  • Difference between proto-oncogene and oncogene

    Proto-oncogenes regulate normal growth; mutations convert them into oncogenes causing unregulated cell proliferation.

  • Role of tumour-suppressor genes

    Tumour-suppressor genes produce proteins that inhibit cell division and promote DNA repair or apoptosis to prevent tumour formation.

  • What happens when tumour-suppressor genes mutate?

    Mutations disable their function, allowing uncontrolled cell division and cancer development.

  • Explain point mutation in cancer genetics

    A small DNA change altering gene function, potentially activating oncogenes and promoting cancer.

  • What is chromosomal translocation?

    Transfer of a chromosome segment to a new site, disrupting gene function and linked to cancers like leukemia.

  • Describe chromosomal amplification

    Repeated duplication of a chromosome segment, increasing oncogene copies and cancer risk.

  • What is the 'two-hit' hypothesis for tumour-suppressor genes?

    Both alleles of a tumour-suppressor gene must be inactivated by mutations for cancer to develop.

  • Role of p53 protein in cell cycle

    p53 arrests cells with DNA damage in G1 phase to allow repair or trigger apoptosis if damage is severe.

  • Difference between benign and malignant tumours

    Benign tumours grow slowly, are well-differentiated, and do not invade; malignant tumours grow rapidly, invade tissues, and metastasize.

  • What is metastasis?

    Spread of cancer cells from primary tumour to distant sites via lymphatics, blood, or local invasion.

  • What is angiogenesis in cancer?

    Formation of new blood vessels stimulated by tumour-secreted VEGF to supply nutrients for tumour growth.

  • List common metastatic sites for breast cancer

    Axillary lymph nodes, contralateral breast, lung, pleura, liver, bone, and brain.

  • Name major carcinogens and their cancer associations

    Viruses (HPV - cervical cancer), radiation (UV - skin cancer), chemicals (asbestos - lung cancer), and genetic factors.

  • Common clinical manifestations of cancer

    Pain, obstruction, tissue necrosis, weight loss/cachexia, anemia, fatigue, infections, and bleeding.

  • What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

    Symptoms caused by tumour-secreted hormones or immune responses not directly related to tumour invasion or metastasis.