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Organic Molecules and Macromolecules in Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (24)

  • What defines organic molecules?

    Organic molecules are carbon-based, formed by living organisms, and contain functional groups.

  • Name the common functional groups and their associated macromolecules.

    Hydroxyl in carbohydrates, Carbonyl in lipids, Carboxyl and Amino in proteins, Phosphate in DNA and ATP.

  • What are macromolecules mostly made of?

    Macromolecules are mostly polymers built from monomers.

  • List the four main types of macromolecules.

    Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids.

  • What is the elemental composition and ratio in carbohydrates?

    Carbohydrates contain C, H, O with a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1.

  • What are the three types of carbohydrates?

    Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

  • Define monosaccharides and give examples.

    Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose; they are isomers with the same formula but different structures.

  • What is an isomer in carbohydrates?

    Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

  • What process links monosaccharides to form disaccharides?

    Dehydration synthesis joins two monosaccharides; hydrolysis breaks them apart.

  • Give examples of disaccharides.

    Maltose, sucrose, lactose.

  • What are polysaccharides and examples?

    Polymers of many monosaccharides; examples include glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin.

  • What is the elemental composition and ratio in lipids?

    Lipids contain C, H, O with a hydrogen to oxygen ratio greater than 2:1.

  • What are triglycerides composed of?

    One glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids.

  • Describe saturated fats.

    Fats with only single C-C bonds, typically solid at room temperature, e.g., animal fat.

  • Describe monounsaturated fats.

    Fats with one C=C double bond, e.g., olive oil.

  • Describe polyunsaturated fats.

    Fats with multiple C=C double bonds, e.g., sunflower oil.

  • List three uses of triglycerides in the body.

    Energy storage (9 cal/g), insulation, and padding.

  • Name other lipid types besides triglycerides.

    Phospholipids, waxes, sterols, lipoproteins, eicosanoids, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).

  • What elements are proteins composed of?

    Proteins contain C, H, O, N, and S.

  • List key functions of proteins.

    Structural, enzymatic, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, and energy functions.

  • What are the subunits of proteins?

    Proteins are made of 20 different amino acids.

  • Describe the general structure of an amino acid.

    Central alpha carbon bonded to an amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), hydrogen, and an R side chain.

  • What is a peptide bond?

    A covalent bond linking amino acids in a polypeptide chain, formed by dehydration synthesis.

  • What are the types of peptides formed by peptide bonds?

    Dipeptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, and proteins.