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Respiratory System Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • External portion of the nose
    Supported by bone and hyaline cartilage, covered with muscle and skin, and lined with mucus membrane.
  • Function of nasal vestibule
    Contains hairs that remove dust particles from inhaled air.
  • Nasal septum composition
    Wall of bone formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer, covered in mucus membrane.
  • Meatuses in the nasal cavity
    Three groove-like passages formed by the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae projecting into the cavity.
  • Olfactory epithelium location
    Mucus membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and adjacent septum containing olfactory receptors.
  • Pharynx divisions
    Nasopharynx (respiratory only), oropharynx (conducts food and air), and laryngopharynx (conducts food and air).
  • Nasopharynx features
    Superior portion, lined with cilia and mucus-producing cells, contains openings to internal nares and auditory tubes.
  • Larynx cartilage types
    Includes thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.
  • Function of the epiglottis
    Covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx.
  • True vocal folds
    Mucus membrane folds at the glottis that control the pitch of sound produced.
  • Structure of the tracheal wall
    From deep to superficial: mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and areolar connective tissue.
  • Tracheal cartilage rings
    16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage with open ends facing the esophagus to allow tracheal collapse during swallowing.
  • Carina of the trachea
    Internal ridge of cartilage at the trachea's division into bronchi; very sensitive and triggers the cough reflex.
  • Primary bronchi characteristics
    Formed by tracheal division; incomplete cartilage rings; right bronchus divides into 3, left into 2.
  • Bronchial tree branching order
    Primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles.
  • Changes in epithelium and cartilage in bronchioles
    Cartilage rings replaced by plates; epithelium changes from ciliated simple columnar to nonciliated simple cuboidal.
  • Pleural membranes of the lungs
    Parietal pleura (attached to thoracic wall), visceral pleura (covers lungs), and pleural cavity (contains lubricating fluid).
  • Lung surfaces
    Base (inferior), apex (superior), costal surface (next to ribs), and medial surface (toward midline).
  • Bronchopulmonary segment
    Lung tissue segment served by one tertiary bronchus; there are 10 in each lung.
  • Alveolar wall cell types
    Type I alveolar cells (gas exchange), Type II alveolar cells (secrete surfactant), and alveolar macrophages (remove debris).
  • Function of surfactant secreted by Type II alveolar cells
    Lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid to prevent alveoli collapse.
  • Alveolar/capillary membrane layers
    Alveolar wall, epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, and endothelial cells of capillary.