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Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • Where is the thyroid gland located?
    The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, below the larynx and wrapped around the trachea.
  • Which cells in the thyroid gland produce thyroid hormones?
    The follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroid hormones.
  • What element is abundantly found in the thyroid gland colloid?
    Iodine is abundantly found in the colloid of the thyroid gland.
  • What cells produce calcitonin?
    Parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin.
  • What is calcitonin responsible for?
    Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium deposition in bones.
  • How many iodine atoms are found in T3 and T4 respectively?
    T3 contains 3 iodine atoms, and T4 contains 4 iodine atoms.
  • Which thyroid hormone has greater physiological activity, T3 or T4?
    T3 has greater physiological activity than T4.
  • What is the general function of thyroid hormone?
    Thyroid hormone increases basal metabolic rate, promotes growth and development, and regulates metabolism.
  • If you have high levels of thyroid hormone, what happens to basal metabolic rate?
    High levels of thyroid hormone increase the basal metabolic rate.
  • Which system do thyroid hormones act synergistically with?
    Thyroid hormones act synergistically with the sympathetic nervous system.
  • What are the 4 steps to thyroid hormone production?
    1. Iodide uptake, 2. Iodide oxidation and organification, 3. Coupling of iodotyrosines, 4. Release of T3 and T4.
  • Which protein is secreted by the follicle cells in the thyroid gland?
    Follicle cells secrete thyroglobulin, a precursor protein for thyroid hormones.
  • What is hypothyroidism?
    Hypothyroidism is a condition of low thyroid hormone levels causing fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.
  • What is hyperthyroidism?
    Hyperthyroidism is a condition of excess thyroid hormone causing weight loss, heat intolerance, and nervousness.
  • What is Grave’s disease and two common symptoms?
    Grave’s disease is an autoimmune hyperthyroidism causing symptoms like exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and goiter.
  • What is Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
    Hashimoto Thyroiditis is an autoimmune hypothyroidism where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.
  • Where are the parathyroid glands located?
    Parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
  • What cells in the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
    Chief cells in the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • What is PTH responsible for?
    PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption, increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and activating vitamin D.
  • What is the stimulus for PTH secretion?
    Low blood calcium levels stimulate PTH secretion.
  • Describe the calcium ion homeostasis feedback loop.
    Stimulus: Low blood Ca²⁺; Receptor: Parathyroid cells; Control center: Parathyroid gland; Effector/Response: PTH release increases Ca²⁺ from bone, kidneys, and intestines; Return to normal: Blood Ca²⁺ rises.