Skip to main content
Indietro

Unit 1 Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

I pulsanti di controllo sono stati cambiati in modalità "navigazione".
1/53

Termini in questo insieme (53)

  • What are atoms?
    Atoms are the basic units of matter.
  • What are the three main subatomic particles?
    Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Where are protons and neutrons located?
    In the nucleus of the atom.
  • Where are electrons located?
    Around the nucleus in electron shells.
  • What determines an element’s atomic number?
    The number of protons in its nucleus.
  • What does valence refer to?
    The number of electrons in the outermost electron shell.
  • What is the octet rule?
    Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full set of eight valence electrons.
  • What is a covalent bond?
    A bond formed when atoms share electrons.
  • What is an ionic bond?
    A bond resulting from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
  • Which generally holds atoms together more strongly: covalent or ionic bonds?
    Covalent bonds generally hold atoms together more strongly and are harder to break.
  • What are the four most common elements in the human body?
    Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
  • What is a polar bond?
    A bond in which electrons are shared unequally, producing partial charges.
  • Is water polar or nonpolar?
    Water is a polar molecule.
  • What properties does water have because it is polar?
    High cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and solvent abilities.
  • What is a hydrogen bond?
    A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen.
  • What does hydrophilic mean?
    Attracted to water.
  • What does hydrophobic mean?
    Repels or does not mix well with water.
  • What is a solution?
    A mixture consisting of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
  • What do acids release?
    Hydrogen ions, or protons.
  • What do bases accept?
    Hydrogen ions, or protons.
  • What does pH measure?
    The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
  • What is the role of buffers?
    Buffers help maintain pH within a narrow range.
  • What is a synthesis reaction?
    A reaction that builds complex molecules.
  • What is a decomposition reaction?
    A reaction that breaks complex molecules down.
  • What is the fluid mosaic model?
    A model describing the cell membrane as dynamic and composed of diverse components.
  • What are the five major components of cell membranes?
    Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycolipids, and glycoproteins.
  • What is the function of phospholipids?
    They form the membrane bilayer.
  • What are functions of membrane proteins?
    They can serve as channels, receptors, or enzymes.
  • What is the function of cholesterol in the membrane?
    It provides membrane stability.
  • What do tight junctions do?
    They seal cells together.
  • What do desmosomes do?
    They provide structural support.
  • What do gap junctions do?
    They allow communication between cells.
  • What is intracellular fluid?
    Fluid found inside cells.
  • What is extracellular fluid?
    Fluid that surrounds cells.
  • What is diffusion?
    The passive movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
  • What is osmosis?
    The diffusion of water across a membrane.
  • What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
    Cells swell.
  • What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
    Cells shrink.
  • What is facilitated diffusion?
    Movement using carrier proteins without requiring energy.
  • What is primary active transport?
    Transport that requires energy to move substances against their gradients.
  • What is an example of primary active transport?
    The sodium-potassium pump.
  • What is homeostasis?
    Maintenance of a dynamic steady state within the internal environment.
  • What is negative feedback?
    A mechanism that reduces deviation from a set point.
  • What is positive feedback?
    A mechanism that amplifies a change or deviation.
  • What is the anatomical position?
    A standard reference position for describing body orientation.
  • What does anatomy study?
    Structure.
  • What does physiology study?
    Function.
  • What are the four main tissue types?
    Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.
  • What do epithelial tissues do?
    They cover surfaces and line cavities.
  • Are epithelial tissues vascular or avascular?
    They are avascular, meaning they lack blood vessels.
  • How is connective tissue classified?
    Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue.
  • What are the two categories of connective tissue proper?
    Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
  • What are the three basic components of connective tissue proper?
    Cells, protein fibers, and matrix.