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Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance. How is self-tolerance achieved?
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Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
Marieb, Hoehn7th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780805359091
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 The Human Body: An Orientation24
- Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive25
- Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Units24
- Ch. 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric19
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System10
- Ch. 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues19
- Ch. 7 The Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 Joints7
- Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue26
- Ch. 10 The Muscular System26
- Ch. 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue23
- Ch. 12 The Central Nervous System26
- Ch. 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity28
- Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System18
- Ch. 16 The Endocrine System26
- Ch. 17 Blood27
- Ch. 18 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart22
- Ch. 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels27
- Ch. 20 The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues16
- Ch. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses29
- Ch. 22 The Respiratory System20
- Ch. 23 The Digestive System30
- Ch. 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance26
- Ch. 25 The Urinary System25
- Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance24
- Ch. 27 The Reproductive System23
Marieb, Hoehn7th EditionHuman Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780805359091Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
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Marieb, Hoehn 7th EditionCh. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body DefensesProblema 13
Marieb, Hoehn 7th EditionCh. 21 The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body DefensesProblema 13Capitolo 20, Problema 13
Besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin epidermis and mucosae of the body have other attributes that contribute to their protective roles. Cite the common body locations and the importance of mucus, lysozyme, keratin, acid pH, and cilia.
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Identify the common body locations where the skin epidermis and mucosae are found. The skin epidermis covers the external surface of the body, while mucosae line body cavities that are open to the exterior, such as the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Explain the role of mucus in these locations. Mucus is a sticky secretion produced by mucous membranes that traps pathogens and particles, preventing their entry and facilitating their removal.
Describe the function of lysozyme. Lysozyme is an enzyme found in secretions like tears, saliva, and mucus that can break down bacterial cell walls, providing a chemical defense against infection.
Discuss keratin's importance in the skin epidermis. Keratin is a tough, fibrous protein that strengthens the skin, making it waterproof and resistant to mechanical damage and microbial invasion.
Explain the protective roles of acid pH and cilia. Acid pH, such as in the stomach or on the skin surface, inhibits microbial growth, while cilia in the respiratory tract move mucus and trapped particles out of the body, helping to clear pathogens.
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Protective Functions of Skin Epidermis and Mucosae
The skin epidermis and mucosae serve as physical barriers preventing pathogen entry. Beyond this, they produce substances like mucus and lysozyme, maintain acidic pH, and have structural features such as keratin and cilia that enhance defense by trapping, neutralizing, or removing microbes.
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Percorso guidato
02:10
The Epidermis: Cells Example 2
Role of Mucus, Lysozyme, and Acidic pH
Mucus traps pathogens and particles, facilitating their removal. Lysozyme is an enzyme in secretions that breaks down bacterial cell walls, killing bacteria. Acidic pH, found in areas like the stomach and skin, inhibits microbial growth by creating an unfavorable environment.
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Percorso guidato
07:58pH Scale
Importance of Keratin and Cilia in Protection
Keratin is a tough, fibrous protein in the skin and some mucosae that strengthens the barrier against physical and microbial damage. Cilia are hair-like structures in respiratory mucosa that move rhythmically to sweep mucus and trapped pathogens out, preventing infection.
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03:14Cilia & Flagella
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The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a(n):
a. Eosinophil
b. Cytotoxic T cell
c. Natural killer cell
d. Helper T cell
e. B cell
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Interferons are referred to as antiviral proteins. What stimulates their production, and how do they protect uninfected cells? Which cells of the body secrete interferons?
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What is complement? How does it cause bacterial lysis? What are some of the other roles of complement?
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Name the five antibody classes and describe where each is most likely to be found in the body.
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Domanda del libro di testo
The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a(n)
a. Eosinophil
b. Cytotoxic T cell
c. Natural killer cell
d. Helper T cell
e. B cell.
213
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