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1- Digestive System and Related Physiology in General Biology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • Main organs of the digestive system

    The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

  • Function of the mouth in digestion

    Mechanical digestion by chewing and chemical digestion by saliva enzymes like amylase that begin starch breakdown.

  • How stomach structure reflects its function

    The stomach has thick muscular walls for churning food and secretes acid and pepsin to chemically digest proteins.

  • Role of the small intestine in digestion

    Primary site for nutrient absorption; enzymes from pancreas and intestinal lining digest macromolecules.

  • Enzymes digesting carbohydrates and their secretion sites

    Salivary amylase in mouth starts starch digestion; pancreatic amylase continues in small intestine.

  • Enzymes digesting proteins and their secretion sites

    Pepsin in stomach begins protein digestion; pancreatic enzymes like trypsin continue in small intestine.

  • Enzymes digesting lipids and their secretion sites

    Lipase secreted by pancreas breaks down fats in the small intestine.

  • Digestive system adaptations in herbivores vs carnivores

    Herbivores have longer intestines and specialized chambers for fermenting refractory plant material; carnivores have shorter, simpler systems.

  • Example of a vertebrate with a digestive system adapted for high refractory material

    Horse has a large cecum and colon for fermenting cellulose-rich plant material.

  • Function of the gut microbiome

    Helps digest complex carbohydrates, synthesizes vitamins, trains immune system, and communicates with nervous and endocrine systems.

  • Impact of diet on the gut microbiome

    Dietary choices influence microbiome diversity and function, affecting overall health and disease risk.

  • Consequences of dysbiosis in the gut microbiome

    Imbalance can lead to inflammation, impaired immunity, metabolic disorders, and digestive diseases.

  • How the gut microbiome communicates with the nervous system

    Via the gut-brain axis using neural, hormonal, and immune pathways.

  • How the gut microbiome influences the immune system

    By modulating immune cell development and inflammatory responses.

  • How the gut microbiome interacts with the endocrine system

    By affecting hormone production and metabolism, influencing appetite and stress responses.

  • Blood glucose homeostasis overview

    Maintained by hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted by pancreatic cells, regulating glucose uptake and release.

  • Role of insulin in blood glucose regulation

    Promotes glucose uptake by cells and storage as glycogen, lowering blood glucose levels.

  • Role of glucagon in blood glucose regulation

    Stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release into blood, raising blood glucose levels.

  • Organs involved in blood glucose homeostasis

    Primarily the pancreas, liver, and muscle tissues.

  • Examples of vertebrates with different diets and digestive systems

    Chimpanzee (omnivore), lion (carnivore), shrew (insectivore), bird (varied), rabbit (herbivore), deer (herbivore), horse (herbivore), pig (omnivore).