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2-General Biology: Immune System and Immunity

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Termini in questo insieme (23)

  • Macrophages

    Macrophages are immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens and dead cells through phagocytosis.

  • Dendritic cells

    Dendritic cells capture antigens and present them to T-cells to initiate adaptive immunity.

  • Neutrophils

    Neutrophils are the first responders that engulf pathogens and release enzymes to kill microbes.

  • Mast cells and histamine

    Mast cells release histamine to increase blood vessel permeability during inflammation.

  • Cytokines

    Cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate immune cell communication and inflammation.

  • Helper T-cells

    Helper T-cells activate other immune cells by releasing cytokines and coordinating the immune response.

  • Cytotoxic T-cells

    Cytotoxic T-cells kill infected or cancerous cells by inducing apoptosis.

  • B-lymphocytes and plasma cells

    B-lymphocytes produce antibodies; when activated, they differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

  • Antigens

    Antigens are molecules on pathogens that trigger an immune response.

  • Antibodies

    Antibodies are proteins that specifically bind to antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction.

  • Memory cells

    Memory cells are long-lived lymphocytes that provide faster and stronger responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

  • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

    MHC proteins present antigen fragments on cell surfaces for recognition by T-cells.

  • Organs of the immune system

    Key organs include the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, which produce and mature immune cells.

  • Innate immunity

    Innate immunity is the non-specific first line of defense, including barriers and cells like macrophages and neutrophils.

  • Adaptive immunity

    Adaptive immunity is specific and involves lymphocytes that remember pathogens for faster future responses.

  • Steps in the inflammation response

    Includes vasodilation, increased permeability, immune cell recruitment, and tissue repair.

  • Role of glucocorticoids in inflammation

    Glucocorticoids regulate and suppress inflammation to maintain homeostasis.

  • Glucocorticoid resistance

    Glucocorticoid resistance reduces the effectiveness of glucocorticoids, leading to prolonged inflammation and illness.

  • Cell-mediated immune response

    Cell-mediated immunity involves T-cells attacking infected cells directly.

  • Humoral immune response

    Humoral immunity involves B-cells producing antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

  • Primary immune response

    The primary response is the first exposure to an antigen, slower and less intense.

  • Secondary immune response

    The secondary response is faster and stronger due to memory cells from prior exposure.

  • Obesity and the immune system

    Obesity affects immune function by promoting chronic inflammation and altering immune cell activity.