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APBIO Topic 2.1 Cell Structure and Function

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  • What are ribosomes composed of and their primary function?
    Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. They synthesize proteins according to messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences.
  • What organelles are included in the endomembrane system?
    The endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, nuclear envelope, and plasma membrane.
  • What is the main role of the endomembrane system?
    It modifies, packages, and transports polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins within the cell.
  • What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions?
    Rough ER has membrane-bound ribosomes and aids protein synthesis and compartmentalization. Smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
  • How does the rough ER contribute to protein synthesis?
    Rough ER's ribosomes synthesize proteins and help compartmentalize the cell.
  • What is the function of the Golgi complex?
    The Golgi complex folds and chemically modifies newly made cellular products and packages proteins for trafficking.
  • Describe the structure of mitochondria and its significance.
    Mitochondria have a double membrane; the inner membrane is folded to increase surface area for efficient ATP synthesis during aerobic respiration.
  • What role do lysosomes play in the cell?
    Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest cellular material and participate in programmed cell death (apoptosis).
  • What are vacuoles and their functions in plant and animal cells?
    Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs. In plants, large vacuoles maintain turgor pressure and store nutrients; in animals, smaller vacuoles store cellular materials.
  • What is the function of chloroplasts?
    Chloroplasts are double-membraned organelles in plants and photosynthetic algae where photosynthesis occurs.
  • How does the inner membrane of mitochondria enhance ATP production?
    The inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds that increase surface area for metabolic reactions involved in ATP synthesis.
  • What is glycosylation and where does it occur?
    Glycosylation is a chemical modification of proteins that occurs in the Golgi complex, affecting protein function and targeting.
  • What is the role of the nuclear envelope in the endomembrane system?
    The nuclear envelope is a membrane that encloses the nucleus and is part of the endomembrane system facilitating transport between nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • How does the smooth ER contribute to cell detoxification?
    Smooth ER detoxifies harmful substances and synthesizes lipids.
  • Why are ribosomes considered evidence of common ancestry?
    Ribosomes are found in all life forms and have a conserved structure, reflecting a shared evolutionary origin.
  • What is the significance of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells?
    Membrane-bound organelles compartmentalize cellular functions, allowing specialized environments for different biochemical processes.
  • How do lysosomes contribute to apoptosis?
    Lysosomes release enzymes that break down cellular components during programmed cell death.
  • What is turgor pressure and which organelle maintains it?
    Turgor pressure is the pressure of water inside plant cells that maintains cell rigidity, maintained by the large central vacuole.
  • What is the relationship between mRNA and ribosomes?
    mRNA provides the sequence instructions that ribosomes use to synthesize proteins.
  • How do transport vesicles function in the endomembrane system?
    Transport vesicles move proteins and lipids between organelles like the ER and Golgi complex.