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Bio 1202 exam 2

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Termini in questo insieme (42)

  • Phylogeny

    Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.

  • Systematics

    The discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships.

  • Binomial Nomenclature

    A two-part naming system introduced by Carolus Linnaeus consisting of Genus + specific epithet.

  • Linnaean Classification Hierarchy

    Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

  • Homology vs Analogy

    Homology: similarity due to shared ancestry (e.g., mammal forelimbs).
    Analogy: similarity due to convergent evolution, not common ancestry (e.g., insect vs bird wings).

  • Monophyletic Group (Clade)

    Consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

  • Paraphyletic Group

    Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

  • Polyphyletic Group

    Includes distantly related species but omits their most recent common ancestor.

  • Shared Derived Character

    An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade, used to infer phylogenies.

  • Orthologous vs Paralogous Genes

    Orthologous: homologous genes from speciation, found in different species.
    Paralogous: homologous genes from gene duplication within a species, can evolve new functions.

  • Molecular Clock

    Method using constant mutation rates in certain genes to estimate evolutionary divergence times.

  • Bacterial Cell Shapes

    Cocci: spherical
    Bacilli: rod-shaped
    Spirilli: spiral-shaped

  • Gram-Positive vs Gram-Negative Bacteria

    Gram-Positive: thick peptidoglycan wall, stains purple, susceptible to Penicillin.
    Gram-Negative: thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane with LPS, stains pink, susceptible to Ciprofloxacin.

  • Bacterial Capsule

    Sticky outer polysaccharide/protein layer that shields bacteria from host immune systems and aids adherence.

  • Endospores

    Metabolically inactive structures formed by bacteria to survive harsh conditions for centuries.

  • Fimbriae vs Pili

    Fimbriae: allow attachment to substrates.
    Pili (sex pili): longer, allow DNA exchange during conjugation.

  • Bacterial Conjugation

    One-way transfer of DNA between prokaryotes via a pilus and mating bridge, requiring the F factor.

  • Alpha Proteobacteria

    Subgroup from which mitochondria evolved through endosymbiosis (e.g., Rhizobium, Agrobacterium).

  • Cyanobacteria

    Gram-negative photoautotrophs that generate O2; chloroplasts evolved from them via endosymbiosis.

  • Endotoxins vs Exotoxins

    Exotoxins: actively secreted proteins.
    Endotoxins: lipopolysaccharides released only when bacteria die.

  • SAR Supergroup

    Monophyletic supergroup named for Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians.

  • Stramenopiles

    Photosynthetic protists with one hairy and one smooth flagellum (e.g., Diatoms, Brown Algae).

  • Dinoflagellates

    Alveolates with two flagella and cellulose plates; cause toxic red tides.

  • Ciliates

    Protists using cilia to move; undergo conjugation exchanging haploid micronuclei (e.g., Paramecium).

  • Foraminiferans (Forams)

    Rhizarians with porous calcium carbonate shells (tests) and threadlike pseudopodia.

  • Archaeplastida Supergroup

    Includes Red Algae, Green Algae, and Land Plants.

  • Phycoerythrin

    Accessory pigment in Red Algae that masks chlorophyll and allows absorption of blue/green light in deep water.

  • Unikonta Supergroup

    Includes Amoebozoans (lobe/tube-shaped pseudopodia) and Opisthokonts (animals, fungi).

  • Alternation of Generations

    Life cycle alternating between haploid gametophytes (produce gametes by mitosis) and diploid sporophytes (produce spores by meiosis).

  • Embryophytes

    Land plants named for retaining the diploid embryo within female gametophyte tissues.

  • Sporangia & Sporopollenin

    Sporangia: produce haploid spores.
    Sporopollenin: coats spore walls to prevent desiccation.

  • Archegonia vs Antheridia

    Archegonia: female gametangia producing eggs.
    Antheridia: male gametangia producing sperm.

  • Apical Meristems

    Localized regions of cell division at root and shoot tips allowing continuous upward and downward growth.

  • Bryophytes

    Nonvascular land plants (Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts) dominated by the gametophyte generation.

  • Seedless Vascular Plants

    Ferns, Lycophytes, Horsetails; dominated by the sporophyte generation and require water for flagellated sperm.

  • Ovule Structure

    Consists of megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments (1 in gymnosperms, 2 in angiosperms).

  • Pollen Grain

    Developed male gametophyte protected by a pollen wall; eliminates the requirement of water for fertilization.

  • Gymnosperms

    "Naked seed" plants bearing seeds on cones (Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo, Gnetophytes).

  • Flower Female Parts (Carpel/Pistil)

    Stigma: sticky tip
    Style: neck
    Ovary: contains ovules

  • Flower Male Parts (Stamen)

    Anther: produces pollen
    Filament: supporting stalk

  • Double Fertilization

    Angiosperm process where one sperm fertilizes the egg (\(2n\) zygote) and another fuses with two polar nuclei (\(3n\) endosperm).

  • Monocots vs Eudicots

    Monocots: 1 cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular tissue.
    Eudicots: 2 cotyledons, netlike veins, ringed vascular tissue.