Bio Ch 1-3

Subjects do not know if they’re receiving a placebo or not

Neither the subject nor the conductor know who is given a placebo

Number of subjects

A measure of confidence that results are “real” and not coincidence

1. Comes from a hypothesis that has held up over years of testing

2. Broader than just the hypothesis, general

3. Supported by a large body of evidence

A consistent relationship between variables

The science of naming, describing and classifying organisms, often reflects evolutionary history

1. Domain

2. Kingdom

3. Phyla

4. Class

5. Order

6. Family

7. Genus

8. Species

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

The lowest level of life capable of performing all activities of life

All living things consist of cells, and all cells aer derived from pre-existing cells.

All cells contain DNA that store information, and use it to make proteins

Cell information encoded into functional sequences by DNA that flows between organisms

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The process of turning DNA into proteins

DNA -> mRNA

mRNA -> proteins

Large, compounded DNA molecules

New properties that arise in each higher level of life

1. All organisms on earth are modified descendants of common ancestors (similar traits)

2. Changes of heritable traits occur over time in a population (different traits)

3. Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution

1. Environment provides selective pressure

2. A presence of pre-existing random variations in some of the population

3. Individuals with better suited heritable traits have a reproductive advantage

4. Over multiple generations, the majority of the population possesses the advantageous trait

An external environmental factor that influences an organism’s ability to survive

Individuals of a population with heritable traits better suited to the environment they occupy

Uses inductive reasoning to draw conclusions (starts specific, ends general)

Uses the scientific method and deductive reasoning to draw conclusions (starts general, ends specific)

Observe specific outcomes -> infer general conclusions

Propose a general hypothesis -> test for specific outcoes

1. Observations

2. Questions

3. Hypothesis

4. Predictions

5. Tests

Tentative explanations phrased in a way that is testable and falsifiable, can never be proven true with absolute certainty

1. Order

2. Reproduction

3. Growth and development

4. Response to environmental stimuli

5. Energy processing

6. Regulation

7. Evolutionary adaptation

1. Biosphere

2. Ecosystem

3. Community

4. Population

5. Organism

6. Organ system

7. Tissues

8. Cells

9. Organelles

10. Molecule

Macromolecules that encode information to build proteins (DNA, RNA)

The only monomer of nucleic acids

1. Have a phosphate group and a pentose sugar

2. Have different nitrogenous basis

3. Make nucleic acid polymers

Deyhdration synthesis

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Mostly double strands bonded by hydrogen

Adenine, Uricil, Cytosine, Guanine

Mostly single stranded

Steroids

Fats

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Mostly carbon and hydrogen, non-polar covalent (hydrophobic)

Have carbon skeletons bent to look like rings, starting with cholesterol

1. Contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

2. Do not have double bonds

3. Mostly solid at SATP (animal fats)

1. Contain one or more double bonds that can be cis or trans

2. Mostly liquid at SATP (plant fats)

Fat molecules mainly used to store energy, store energy, and regulate temperature

Differ from fats as a phosphate group replaces one fatty acids contain. Amphipathic.

Posessing both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end

Hydrolysis reactions

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

Proteins that act as catalysts to chemical reactions, required to form or break polymers

Simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides)

Polysaccharides

The simplest carbohydrates, containing 3-1 carbons.

The main fuel molecule for cell work.

Cells of sugars linked to form double sugars

Polymers of 100’s-1000’s of monosaccharides

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Unbranched glucose monomers, storage polysaccharides of plants

Branched glucose monomers, storage polysaccharides of animals

Structural plant polysaccharides, made of glucose in linear chains bonded to form fibres

Some fungi and microorganisms

Cellulose is linked by hydrogen bonds

All are made of glucose

The most structurally and functionally diverse macromolecule

Monomers of protein linked by condensation reactions, vary in length and sequence

1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternary

Detirmines the 3D shape and therefor function of the protein

Chemical and physical conditions like pH, salt concentration, and temperature

A protein that has been rendered biologically inactive/inert due to chemical or physical changes

1. Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive

2. Hydrogen bonds moderate temperature

3. Ice floats because it is less dense than water

4. Water is the solvent of life

The tendency of molecules to want to stick together

Absorbs heat from warm air, and releases heat into cooler air

The total amount of kinetic energy

The average kinetic energy

Hydrogen bonds break (endothermic)

Hydrogen bonds are formed (exothermic)

Water molecules arrange into a crystal lattice, allowing for more space to sit between the molecules

A homogenous mixture of substances

The dissolving agent

The substance beingdissolved

It’s polar covalent bonds dissolve other polar bonds

A compound that donates positive Hydrogen ions to a solution

A substance that accepts positive Hydrogen ions in a solution

Opposite of acidic

Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of pH

By accepting Hydrogen ions in a surplus and donating them in a defecit

A compound containing carbon

One of the simplest organic compounds

Contains only carbon and hydrogen

Large molecules linked by covalent bonds

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Lipids

Small, organic molecules used as building blocks

Large organic molecules made by strings of monomers

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen (96%)

Required by organisms, but in amounts less than .01%

The smallest unit of matter

Two or more atoms connected by covalent bonds

A pure substance that cannot be further broken down

A substance of two or more elements

An atom that has become charged

The number of protons in an atom

The total mass of an atom

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom (2, 8, 8..)

The number of electrons an atom needs to gain or lose in order to have a full shell

How willing an atom is to accept electrons (higher = more desire for electrons)

Hydrogen ,Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen

Atoms that are chemically bonded by sharing electrons in single, double, or triple bonds

Atoms with different electronegativities are bonded

Atoms with equal electronegativities are bonded

Atoms are bonded by losing or gaining electrons

A positively charged Hydrogen ion from one polar covalent bonds is attracted to the positive hydrogen ions of another

The making or breaking of chemical bonds, always require energy

A chemical reaction that requires heat/energy

A chemical reaction that releases heat/energy

Required by all living organisms, highly polar