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Bio October 14th (unit 4 con't)

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • Function of the nucleus?

    Contains the cell's genetic instructions (DNA) and controls cell activities by directing protein synthesis.

  • DNA organization in the nucleus?

    DNA is organized into chromosomes and associates with proteins that help coil DNA strands into chromosomes. HUMAN HAS 46.

  • Chromatin?

    A complex of DNA and proteins (DNA wrapped around proteins) that appears as a diffused (spread out) mass in the nucleus.

  • Nuclear envelope?

    A double membrane enclosing the nucleus with pore proteins that regulate molecule flow and connect to the endoplasmic reticulum.

  • Nucleolus function?

    Site where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and assembled with proteins to form ribosomes.

  • Ribosomes?

    Non-membranous organelles that use instructions from the nucleus to build proteins.

  • Difference between free and bound ribosomes?

    Free ribosomes make proteins for use in the cytosol; bound ribosomes attached to outside of ER and nucleus.

  • Endomembrane system components?

    Includes nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.

  • Function of the endomembrane system?

    internal membrane involved w/ most cellular functions : Synthesis, storage, distribution, and export of molecules within the cell.

  • Structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    Network of flattened sacs and tubules; major manufacturing site linked to the nuclear envelope.

  • Smooth ER functions?

    Synthesis of lipids, storage of calcium ions, and detoxification of harmful substances.

  • Example of smooth ER calcium storage?

    In muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in the smooth ER and released to trigger contraction.

  • Rough ER functions?

    Synthesizes secretory proteins and new membrane fragments; ribosomes attached to its surface.

  • Example of rough ER secretory protein?

    Insulin produced by pancreatic cells.

  • Golgi apparatus structure?

    Stack of unconnected flattened sacs that process and sort molecules from the ER.

  • Golgi apparatus functions?

    Modifies molecules, adds molecular identification tags, and ships proteins to their destinations.

  • Processing in the Golgi Apparatus?

    1. Docking station

    2. Vesicle adds its membrane and contents to the sac

    3. Products are modified as they travel from one sac to the next

    4. Shipping side

  • Lysosomes?

    Membrane-enclosed sacs of digestive enzymes that digest food, destroy pathogens, and recycle damaged cell parts.

  • Cause and effect of lysosomal diseases?

    Missing lysosomal enzymes cause accumulation of undigested materials, impairing cell function; e.g., Tay-Sachs disease.

  • Functions of vacuoles?

    Storage of food, water, pigments, poisons, and waste; central vacuole in plants absorbs water for growth.

  • Peroxisomes?

    Membrane-bound organelles that break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful compounds, not part of the endomembrane system.