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Bio October 23rd (unit 6)

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • what is Photosynthesis basic equation?

    Energy (sunlight) + CO2 + H2O produces organic molecules (sugar) + O2. Occurs in chloroplasts in plants and some prokaryotes.

  • Cellular respiration basic equation

    Organic molecules (sugar) + O2 ---> produce CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP). Occurs in mitochondria in all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes.

  • Role of plants and animals in gas exchange

    Plants release O2 and take in CO2, while animals take in O2 and release CO2.

  • Definition of respiration?

    Exchange of gases (breathing) where organisms take in O2 and release CO2 as a waste product.

  • Cellular respiration?

    Aerobic harvesting of energy from organic molecules by breaking them down to produce ATP; requires oxygen.

  • Exergonic reaction

    Reaction that produces/releases energy; in cellular respiration, energy stored in glucose is released as ATP and heat.

  • what is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

    Energy used for life-sustaining activities, about 75% of daily energy use, roughly 1300–1800 calories per day depending on person size.

  • what are Redox reactions, oxidation, and reduction?

    Transfer of electrons between reactants; oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain of electrons (OIL RIG). oxidation and reduction ALWAYS paired.

  • Energy release in redox reactions?

    Energy can be released rapidly like fire OR controlled in steps like cellular respiration to produce ATP efficiently.

  • Role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

    NAD+ made from vitamin niacin and is a coenzyme that accepts electrons and is reduced to NADH, shuttling electrons in redox reactions.

  • Function of dehydrogenase enzyme?

    Oxidizes organic fuel molecules by removing 2 H atoms, transferring 2 electrons and 1 proton to NAD+ to form NADH, releasing the second proton.

  • Electron transport chain (ETC)

    NADH delivers electrons to a series of carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane; oxygen is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration , reducing O2 - H2O.

  • Stages of cellular respiration?

    1) Glycolysis, 2) Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle, 3) Oxidative phosphorylation.

    Each stage = series of chemical reactions and takes place in different regions of the cell.

  • STAGE:1 Glycolysis?

    Occurs in cytosol; breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules; produces small ATP amount; anaerobic process.

  • Substrate-level phosphorylation?

    ATP production by transferring a phosphate group directly from a substrate to ADP during glycolysis and citric acid cycle. At end of glycolysis Pyruvate still holds majority of energy.

  • Energy investment and payoff phases of glycolysis?

    Investment: 2 ATP used to energize glucose, glucose spilt in 2 smaller molecules.

    Payoff: 4 ATP and 2 NADH produced; finial product is2 molecules of pyruvate. net gain of 2 ATP.

  • Anaerobic nature of glycolysis?

    Glycolysis does not require oxygen and produces about 6% of the energy a cell can harvest from glucose.

  • Evolutionary significance of glycolysis?

    Ancient, universal energy-harvesting process occurring in cytosol, doesn't require membrane-bound organelles or oxygen and used before oxygen was in the atmosphere.

  • STAGE 2: Pyruvate oxidation.

    Pyruvate transported into mitochondria, carboxyl group removed as CO2, 2-carbon oxidized to reduce NAD+ to NADH, Coenzyme A added to 2 -carbon molecule to form Acetyl CoA.

  • Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)? (STAGE 2)

    Completes glucose breakdown to CO2; produces small ATP amount; occurs in mitochondrial matrix; each step catalyzed by different enzyme.

  • How much ATP Does your body use?

    75% is for life-sustaining activities. 20% for brains daily energy use. and 25% for voluntary activities (movement and exercise).

  • what is the Calvin cycle AKA Krebs cycle named for?

    Named for HANS KREBS who studied the cycle in the 1930s.