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Bio October 26th (unit 6 con't)

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What is the citric acid cycle?

    A circular series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that produces 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 molecule of the electron carrier FADH2 FROM ONE acetyl CoA; the cycle runs twice per glucose molecule.

  • What combines with acetyl CoA to start the citric acid cycle?

    Oxaloacetate combines with acetyl CoA to form citrate at the start of the citric acid cycle. Redox reaction removes 2 carbon and release them as CO2, oxaloacetate is regenerated.

  • What are the main outputs of the citric acid cycle per acetyl CoA?

    2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP molecule. Output is DOUBLED for glucose molecule.

  • Why is the citric acid cycle run twice per glucose molecule?
    Because one glucose produces two acetyl CoA molecules, so the cycle runs twice to process both.
  • What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?
    They shuttle high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

  • Where does STAGE 3: oxidative phosphorylation occur?

    In the mitochondria, specifically across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 90% of ATP of cellular respiration formed.

  • What are the two main parts of oxidative phosphorylation?
    The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

  • What happens with the ETC in phosphorylation oxidation?

    NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the ETC.

  • what happens after NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the ETC?

    H+ ions pumped across inner mitochondrial into the intermembrane space, greeting a concentration gradient that stores potential energy. Oxygen is the final electronic sceptre and forms water (H2O).

  • What enzyme uses the proton gradient to produce ATP?
    ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to ATP as H+ ions flow back into the mitochondrial matrix.
  • What is fermentation?

    An anaerobic process that harvests energy from organic matter for the cell without using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.

  • How is NAD+ regenerated during aerobic cellular respiration?

    NADH passes electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation, regenerating NAD+.

  • How is NAD+ regenerated during anaerobic fermentation?

    NADH transfers its electrons to the pyruvate regenerating NAD so glycolysis can continue producing ATP with oxygen.

  • What happens in lactic acid fermentation? What are examples?

    Pyruvate is reduced to lactate, and NADH is oxidized to NAD+, Examples: occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria, makes cheese/yogurt, turs soybeans in soysauce and cabbage into sauerkraut.

  • What is alcohol fermentation? what is it used for?

    Yeast and some bacteria break down pyruvate into ethanol(alcohol), so glycolysis can continue without oxygen while oxidizing NADH back into NAD.

    used for: brewing, winemaking, and baking.

  • What are obligate anaerobes?

    Obligate: Organisms that require anaerobic conditions and are poisoned by oxygen. EX: prokaryotes.

  • What are facultative anaerobes?

    Organisms that can live with or without oxygen, using oxidative phosphorylation when O2 is available and fermentation when it is absent.

  • What is photosynthesis?
    The process by which plants and some microorganisms use sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O into sugars and O2.
  • Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?

    In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts generating ATP and NADPH.

  • What is the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

    A series of reactions in the chloroplast stroma that uses ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar.
  • What pigment gives plants their green color?

    Chlorophyll, a light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts in the cells chloroplast is more concentrated in the leaves.

  • What are stomata?
    Pores on leaves that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit.
  • What is the role of veins in leaves?
    To deliver water, minerals, and sugars to all parts of the plant.

  • What are autotrophs, heterotrophs and photoautotrophs?

    Autotrophs:Make their own food, source of organic molecules

    heterotrophs:CAN'T make their own food, consume plants/animals/organic material, and depend on photoautotrophs for fuel and oxygen to live.

    Photoautotrophs:autotrophs that use energy from light and are primary producers of the biosphere.

  • What is aerobic respiration and anaerobic?

    Aerobic = uses oxygen.

    Anaerobic = doesn't use oxygen

  • what is yeast?

    yeast is a single celled Fungi normally uses aerobic cellular respiration to process food and is also able to survive in anaerobic conditions.

  • What are chloroplasts in the leaf structure?

    chloroplasts are concentrated in mesophyll cells each cell having 30 to 40 chloroplasts.

  • where is chlorophyll photosynthetic enzymes and sugars located in the chloroplasts?

    chlorophyll and photosynthetic enzymes are embedded in the thylakoid membranes, while sugars are manufactured in the stroma.