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Biology 1150 Mini Quiz 1

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • Levels of biological organization

    Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

  • Subatomic particles and their locations

    Protons: positive, nucleus; Neutrons: neutral, nucleus; Electrons: negative, outer orbits.

  • Definition of a molecule

    Two atoms bonded together, usually covalent, can be same or different elements (e.g., O2, H2O).

  • Octet rule in molecule formation

    Atoms bond to fill their outer valence shell with 8 electrons by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons.

  • Chemical formula of glucose

    \(\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6}\)

  • Smallest size visible to the human eye

    Approximately 0.1 mm, about the size of a frog egg.

  • Classification of blood and brain

    Blood is a tissue; brain is an organ.

  • Seven characteristics of life

    Regulation, adaptation to stimuli, evolution, reproduction, growth and development, organization, metabolization.

  • Equation for cellular respiration

    \(\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP}\)

    Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP energy

  • Equation for photosynthesis

    \(\mathrm{6CO_2 + 6H_2O + sunlight \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2}\)

    Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sun energy -> Glucose + Oxygen

  • Difference between homeostasis and metabolism

    Homeostasis: internal regulation to maintain balance (e.g., sweating). Metabolism: energy processing (e.g., cellular respiration).

  • Three domains of life

    Bacteria (prokaryotes), Archaea (prokaryotes in extreme environments), Eukarya (cells with nucleus).

  • Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

    Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles including a nucleus; prokaryotes do not.

  • Four kingdoms of eukaryotes

    Fungi (absorb food), Protista (mostly aquatic), Plantae (photosynthesis), Animalia (ingest food).

  • Polar covalent bond in water

    Electrons are more attracted to oxygen, making oxygen slightly negative and hydrogen slightly positive.

  • Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic molecules

    Hydrophilic: attracted to water, usually polar or charged. Hydrophobic: repel water, nonpolar.

  • Six properties of water important for life

    Universal solvent, high heat capacity, adhesion, cohesion, high heat of vaporization, less dense as solid.

  • Structure of lipids

    Composed of fatty acid chains and glycerol; includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

    Saturated: no double bonds, straight chains, solid at room temp. Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, kinked chains, liquid at room temp.

  • Function of phospholipids in cells

    Form bilayers with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, creating cell membranes.

  • Monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

    Monomer: monosaccharides (e.g., glucose). Polymer: disaccharides and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose).

  • Functions of carbohydrates

    Short-term energy storage and structural support (e.g., glycogen, cellulose).

  • Monomer and polymer of proteins

    Monomer: amino acids. Polymer: polypeptides folded into functional proteins.

  • Four levels of protein structure

    Primary (sequence), secondary (coils/folds), tertiary (3D shape), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).

  • Denaturation of proteins

    Loss of protein shape and function caused by temperature, pH, or salt; primary structure remains intact.

  • Components of nucleotides

    Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A, T/U, G, C).

  • Base pairing in DNA and RNA

    DNA: Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine

  • Function of DNA and RNA

    DNA stores genetic information; RNA involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation.