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Breast Cancer - General Biology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is the most common type of breast cancer?
    Ductal carcinoma, which begins in the lining of milk ducts.
  • What are the two subtypes of ductal carcinoma?
    Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) - noninvasive; Invasive ductal carcinoma - cancer spreads outside the duct.
  • Where does lobular carcinoma begin?
    In the lobules of the breast.
  • What is lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)?
    A noninvasive subtype with abnormal cells in lobules, rarely becoming invasive.
  • What characterizes inflammatory breast cancer?
    Breast looks red, swollen, and warm due to lymph vessel blockage; skin may show 'peau d’orange' texture.
  • What defines triple negative breast cancer?
    Cancer cells lack estrogen, progesterone receptors and HER2/neu protein.
  • Name three risk factors for breast cancer.
    Early menstruation, family history, and inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations.
  • What percentage of breast cancers are hereditary due to BRCA mutations?
    About 5% to 10% of breast cancers.
  • What is the role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?
    They repair cell damage and keep normal cell growth in breasts.
  • How does having a mutation in BRCA genes affect breast cancer risk?
    Risk can increase up to 80% during lifetime.
  • How does breast cancer risk differ in men with BRCA mutations?
    BRCA2 mutation increases breast cancer risk; BRCA1 mutation increases prostate cancer risk.
  • What is a mammogram used for?
    A screening tool to detect breast cancer by imaging breast tissue.
  • What is the function of lymph nodes in relation to breast cancer?
    Filter substances in lymph; cancer can spread through lymph nodes.
  • What is the significance of breast tissue density on mammograms?
    Dense breast tissue can make cancer harder to detect.
  • What is the typical appearance of breast cancer skin in inflammatory breast cancer?
    Skin may have a pitted, orange peel appearance called 'peau d’orange'.
  • What is the difference between invasive and noninvasive breast cancer?
    Invasive cancer spreads beyond original tissue; noninvasive remains confined.
  • How does family history influence breast cancer risk?
    Having close relatives with breast cancer increases personal risk.
  • What lifestyle factors can increase breast cancer risk?
    Obesity, alcohol consumption, and hormone treatments.
  • What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in breast cancer?
    Hormones can promote growth of some breast cancer cells.
  • What is the clinical importance of identifying triple negative breast cancer?
    It lacks hormone receptors, so hormone therapies are ineffective.