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Cellular Respiration and Energy Harvesting in General Biology

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  • What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?

    Cellular respiration breaks down organic molecules to produce ATP, capturing energy by converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

  • How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

    Photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce organic molecules and oxygen, while cellular respiration consumes oxygen to break down those molecules, releasing energy as ATP.

  • What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

    Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

  • How does breathing relate to cellular respiration?

    Breathing supplies O2 needed for cellular respiration and removes CO2, a waste product of the process.

  • What percentage of energy from glucose is captured as ATP during cellular respiration?

    About 34% of the energy in glucose is captured as ATP; the rest is lost as heat.

  • What role do electrons play in cellular respiration?

    Electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to NAD+, forming NADH, which passes them to the electron transport chain, releasing energy to make ATP.

  • What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

    1. Glycolysis (cytosol)
    2. Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle (mitochondria)
    3. Oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria)

  • Where does glycolysis occur and what does it produce?

    Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

  • What happens during the citric acid cycle?

    Acetyl CoA is oxidized, releasing 2 CO2, producing 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP per cycle turn.

  • What is oxidative phosphorylation?

    Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

  • How does chemiosmosis contribute to ATP production?

    Protons flow back through ATP synthase due to a gradient, powering the conversion of ADP to ATP.

  • What is the special function of brown fat in humans?

    Brown fat produces heat by allowing protons to flow freely across the mitochondrial membrane, dissipating the proton gradient without making ATP.

  • How many ATP molecules can one glucose molecule yield through cellular respiration?

    Up to 32 ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation per glucose molecule.

  • What is fermentation and when does it occur?

    Fermentation is an anaerobic process that produces ATP by glycolysis and recycles NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactate or alcohol.

  • What are the two types of fermentation mentioned?

    Lactic acid fermentation (produces lactate) and alcohol fermentation (produces alcohol and CO2).

  • Why is glycolysis considered an ancient metabolic pathway?

    It occurs in the cytosol of nearly all organisms and does not require oxygen, indicating early evolution in prokaryotes.

  • What types of organic molecules can cells use as fuel for cellular respiration?

    Cells can use carbohydrates, fats, and proteins as fuel to produce ATP.

  • How do cells use intermediates from cellular respiration besides energy production?

    Intermediates serve as raw materials for biosynthesis of other organic molecules, regulated by feedback inhibition.

  • What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

    ATP formation by transferring a phosphate group directly from an organic molecule to ADP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

  • Which stage of cellular respiration does not take place in the mitochondria?

    Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.