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Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is a redox reaction?
    Redox reaction transfers electrons (e–) between molecules, involving oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons) occurring simultaneously.
  • What do NADH and FADH2 do in cellular respiration?
    NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that shuttle electrons to the Electron Transport Chain, transporting 2 electrons each.
  • What is aerobic cellular respiration?
    Aerobic cellular respiration is the oxygen-requiring process that breaks down glucose to produce large amounts of ATP.
  • What is the overall chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration?
    Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP); glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
  • List the stages of aerobic cellular respiration in order.
    1) Glycolysis, 2) Pyruvate Oxidation, 3) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), 4) Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis.
  • What are the two types of phosphorylation in aerobic respiration?
    1) Substrate-level phosphorylation: direct transfer of phosphate to ADP. 2) Oxidative phosphorylation: uses energy from ETC to create ATP.
  • Where does glycolysis occur and what does it produce?
    Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 NADH and a net of 2 ATP.
  • What happens during pyruvate oxidation?
    Each pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix, producing NADH and releasing CO2.
  • What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?
    The Krebs cycle oxidizes Acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2, regenerating oxaloacetate for the cycle.
  • What is the role of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
    ETC harnesses energy from electrons in NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ ions, creating a gradient used to produce ATP; oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
  • What is chemiosmosis?
    Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of H+ ions across the mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase, driving ATP production.
  • How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule in aerobic respiration?
    Approximately 30-38 ATP molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule.
  • What happens to cellular respiration without oxygen?
    Without oxygen, the ETC stops, NADH accumulates, NAD+ decreases, and cells rely on fermentation to regenerate NAD+.
  • What is fermentation?
    Fermentation uses electrons from NADH to reduce pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ and allowing glycolysis to continue without oxygen.
  • What are the two main types of fermentation?
    Lactic acid fermentation (produces lactic acid) and alcohol fermentation (produces ethanol and CO2).
  • What is anaerobic respiration?
    Anaerobic respiration uses molecules other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the ETC, producing less ATP than aerobic respiration.
  • Where does substrate-level phosphorylation occur in cellular respiration?
    Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
  • What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration?
    The final electron acceptor is oxygen (O2), which combines with electrons and H+ to form water.
  • What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?
    Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
  • Why is oxygen essential for aerobic respiration?
    Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the ETC, allowing the chain to continue and ATP to be produced efficiently.