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Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What is cellular respiration?
    Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that extracts energy from organic molecules, primarily glucose, to produce ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.
  • Where does cellular respiration occur?
    Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of both plant and animal cells.
  • What are the key waste products of cellular respiration?
    The key waste products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
  • Define aerobic respiration.
    Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and oxygen, producing ATP.
  • Define anaerobic respiration.
    Anaerobic respiration uses compounds other than oxygen as the final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain.
  • What is fermentation?
    Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP.
  • What are redox reactions in cellular respiration?
    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons; oxidation is loss of electrons, and reduction is gain of electrons.
  • What roles do reducing and oxidizing agents play?
    The reducing agent donates electrons, and the oxidizing agent accepts electrons.
  • How is glucose oxidized during cellular respiration?
    Glucose is oxidized by transferring electrons to oxygen atoms, releasing energy for ATP synthesis.
  • What is the function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
    NAD+ is a coenzyme that acts as an electron carrier, becoming NADH when reduced.
  • What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?
    The stages are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • What happens during glycolysis?
    Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm, producing a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
  • Describe pyruvate oxidation.
    Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and reducing NAD+ to NADH.
  • What occurs in the citric acid cycle?
    The citric acid cycle completes glucose oxidation, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
  • What is oxidative phosphorylation?
    Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to produce most ATP.
  • Explain chemiosmosis.
    Chemiosmosis uses a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
  • What is the proton-motive force?
    The proton-motive force is the gradient of protons across the membrane used to do cellular work.
  • What is the approximate ATP yield per glucose molecule?
    Cellular respiration produces about 30–32 ATP per glucose molecule.
  • How do fermentation and anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?
    Fermentation uses organic molecules as electron acceptors and produces 2 ATP; anaerobic respiration uses other electron acceptors; aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces up to 32 ATP.
  • What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?
    Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway, used by early prokaryotes before oxygen was present.
  • How is cellular respiration regulated?
    Cellular respiration is regulated by feedback inhibition; high ATP levels slow respiration, low ATP levels speed it up.