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Cellular Respiration and Fermentation - Chapter 9 Main Ideas

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  • What is glycolysis?

    Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

  • What goes in during glycolysis?

    Glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD+ molecules enter glycolysis.

  • What comes out of glycolysis?

    2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP (net gain 2 ATP), and 2 NADH are produced.

  • Is energy required in glycolysis? If so, where does it come from?

    Yes, 2 ATP molecules are used to start glycolysis.

  • Is energy released in glycolysis? If so, where does it go?

    Yes, energy is released as ATP and NADH, which store energy for later use.

  • Where does glycolysis take place?

    Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

  • Is glycolysis regulated? If so, how?

    Yes, it is regulated by feedback inhibition, often by ATP and other metabolites.

  • What is pyruvate oxidation?

    Pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and releasing CO2.

  • What goes in during pyruvate oxidation?

    Pyruvate, NAD+, and Coenzyme A enter pyruvate oxidation.

  • What comes out of pyruvate oxidation?

    Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and CO2 are produced.

  • Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

    It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

  • What is the citric acid cycle?

    The citric acid cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

  • What goes in during the citric acid cycle?

    Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, and ADP enter the cycle.

  • What comes out of the citric acid cycle?

    CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP are produced.

  • Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

    It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

  • What is electron transport?

    Electron transport transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen through protein complexes, creating a proton gradient.

  • Where does electron transport occur?

    It takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

  • What is chemiosmosis?

    Chemiosmosis uses the proton gradient from electron transport to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

  • What is the difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation?

    Substrate-level phosphorylation directly forms ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation uses a proton gradient to produce ATP.

  • What happens in cellular respiration without oxygen?

    Cells perform fermentation to regenerate NAD+ allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP anaerobically.

  • What is fermentation?

    Fermentation is an anaerobic process that regenerates NAD+ by converting pyruvate into lactate or ethanol and CO2.