Ch 21 + 20 quiz notes

1. Mouth

2. Oral cavity

3. Tongue

4. Pharynx

5. Esophagus

6. Stomach

7. Small intestine

8. Large intestine

9. Rectum

10. Anus

Secrete digestive enzymes

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Teeth break up food

Moisten/lubricate food

Contains buffers that neutralize acids

Contains antimicrobial agents that kill microorganisms

Produces salivary amylase to start hydrolyzing starch

Pushes bonus (chewed food) into the pharynx

A flap that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing while the esophageal sphincter is open

Swallowing reflex moves food into the esophagus

Peristalsis moves the bolts into the stomach within 10-15 seconds

Regulates the passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach, located at the top of the stomach/bottom of the esophagus

Stores food and breaks it down with enzymes

Important for storage, chemical digestion, and mechanical digestion

Mucus

Pepsin - an enzyme that breaks down protein

Strong acid (pH 2) that kills bacteria, breaks cells, and denatures protein

A mixture of gastric juices and bolus in the stomach

Opens to allow chyme to pass into the small intestine, located at the bottom of the stomach/top of the small intestine

The occasional backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus

Open sores in the stomach lining formed when a prokaryote grows and erodes protective mucus

The major organ of chemical digestion, nutrient absorption, and water absorption

Mixes stomach contents with excretions from the liver and pancreas

Used for chemical digestion and absorpion

Used for absorption, joined to the large intestine via the ileocecal sphincter

Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, tripsin, nuclease, lipase)

Produces bicarbonate (alkaline solution) to neturalize acidic chyme

Produces bile ( bile salts, carbonate ions, phospholipids) that is stored in the gallbladder

Breaks down fat globules into smaller fat droplets for hydrolysis via lipase

Breaks triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Nutrients pass through villi epithelial cells

Amino acids and sugars pass into the blood and travel to the liver

Fatty acids and glycerol are recombined into fats and transported to a lymph vessel

How blood travels from the intestine to the liver

Store nutrients, detoxify substances, convert nutrients, produce bile

Absorbs water, houses bacteria that produce vitamin K, folic acid, and B vitamins

Produces feces from undigested materials

Stores feces for disposal

From large intestine to rectum

From rectum to anus

Energy a resting animal needs each day to stay alive

75% of energy is used for heating, cooling, digesting etc

25% is used for sleeping, thinking, moving etc

A unit that describes the potential energy content of food

Materials that must be supplied by the diet as our bodies cannot make them

We produce 11, 9 are essential

alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid

Ions from the periodic table

Organic molecules

Deficient in calories

Excess in calories

Deficient in one or more essential nutrients

Nutrients the body requires in large amounts

Single sugar units - glucose, fructose, galactose

Monsaccharides linked by dehydration reactions - starch, glycogen, cellulose

The most easily used monosaccharides

Simple carb that circulates in the blood, only source of energy for the brain

Measures how fast and far blood sugar levels will rise after eating carbohydrates

Consists of unidgestible carbohydrates (cellulose)

Soluble fibre - absorbs water

Insoluble fibre - does not absorb much water

Normalizes bowel movement and health

Lowers cholesterol levels, blood pressure and inflammation

Slows absorption of sugar to help control blood sugar

Is more filling and less energy dense to maintain a healthy weight

Relatively large molecules made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Forms hormones, enzymes and antibodies

Transports nutrients

Helps regulate fluids and electrolytes

Structural proteins

Required for the body to produces new proteins and replace damaged ones

Triglycerides, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids

Store energy

Regulate temperature

Protect organs

3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule used to store energy

Unsaturated with hydrogen, has one double bond

Unsaturated with hydrogen, has 2 or more double bonds

Required and obtained by foods as humans lack the enzymes to produce them

Make phospholipids and are converted into other important molecules

Found in seeds, nuts, vegetables and their oils

Contributes to plaque that clogs arteries and leads to heart disease

Remoes LDL from arteries and brings them back to the liver to be processed

”Dietary elements”, inorganic elements required by the body

Required in amounts higher than 200mg/day

Vitamins and trace elements needed in less than 100mg/day

Part of/support proteins and enzymes (iron)

Contribute to nerve and muscle activity (sodium, potassium)

Organic compounds essential but required in small amounts

Most vitamins are coenzymes and catalyze metabolic reactions

Water soluble

Coenzyme in amino acids and nucleic acid metabolism

Water soluble

Needed for the production of nucleic acids and red blood cells

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant

Fat soluble

Maintains epithelial cells

Fat soluble

Aids absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine

Fat soluble

Antioxidant

Fat soluble

Important for blood clotting

A protein hormone produced by adipose cells that suppresses appetite

1. Life is organized at many hierarchical levels

2. There is a close correlation between form and function

The study of strcuture

The study of how body structures function

Integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function

Made of up 2 or more types of tissue, performs a specific task

Consists of multiple organs working together to perform a vital body function

Organ systems functioning tougher as an integrated, coordinated unit

Covers the surface of the body and lines surface of organs/body cavities

Acts as a barrier from mechanical injury, microorganism invasion, and fluid loss

Made up of sheets of closely packed cells joined by tight, anchoring, and gap junctions

Has nerves but no blood vessels

Simple (one)

Stratified (multiple)

Pseudo stratified (one layer of varying heights that can appear stratified)

Cuboidal

Columnar

Squamos

Binds and supports other tissues, holds organs in place, and attaches epithelial tissues to underlying tissues

Characterized by sparse cells that manufacture and secrete an ECM

Fibrous

Adipose

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

Loose weaves of fibres that hold tissues and organs in place

Densely packed collagen fibres for tensile strength in tendons and ligaments

Loose connective tissue that stores fat and insulates

Found between bone to cushion and absorb shock

Collagen fibres are embedded in a rubbery ECM

Heals poorly because it is not vascularized

Provides support and protection for the body and it organs

ECM of collagen fibres in calcium and phosphorus salts

Heal rapidly because they are vascularized

The ECM of blood is plasma - water, salts, proteins, and nutrients

Made in bone marrow

Red blood cells - for oxygen transport

White blood cells for immune system function

Cell fragments for blood clotting

Long, excitable cells capable of contraction

1. Excitability

2. Contractility

3. Extensibility

4. Elasticity

Capacity to respond to stimuli

Ability to shorten with force

Can be stretched beyond normal resting length

Recoils to original length after stretching

Maintains posture and voluntary movement

Allows the heart to pump blood

Lines the walls of internal organs and blood vessels

Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the body via electrical impulses

The major cell of the nervous tissue

Cell body

Dendrite

Axon

Have tissues that are layered in arrangement

A layer of cells forming a protective covering

A thick layer under the epidermis containing hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

Several organs with separate functions that are interdependent

Protects the body from injury

Skin, hair, nails

Support and move the body

Skeletal muscles move the body because they are attached to bone and cartilage

Controls and coordinates body functions with electric impulses

Brain, ear, spinal cord, nerves

Controls and coordinates body functions by producing hormones

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, ovaries/testes, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas

Transports gases, nutrients, and wastes via the blood

Heart, blood vessels

Protects the body from infection by filtering body fluids.

Lymph nodes, appendix, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels

Exchanges gases with the environment

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung

Digests and absorbs foods and nutrients and transfers them into the blood stream

Mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Disposes of waste via cellular metabolism in the kidneys, specifically urea

Kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder

Supports sexual reproduction

Oviduct, ovaries, uterus, vagina, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, vas deferens, penis, urethra, testes

A soluble form of nitrogenous waste

Salivary glands

Pancreas

Small intestine

Salivary amylase

Pancreatic amylase

Maltose, sucrose, lactase

Stomach

Stomach

Pancreas/small intestine

HCl

Pepsin

Trypsin, chymotripsin, peptidase

Pancreas/small intestine

Nuclease

Liver

Pancreas

Bile salts

Lipase

B9/folic acid

B12

C

A

D

E

K