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Chapter 3 lecture part 3

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?
    Monomer: nucleotide; Polymer: nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
  • What are the three components of a nucleotide?
    Nitrogenous base, sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), and phosphate group
  • Name the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA.
    DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G); RNA: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
  • How do deoxyribose and ribose sugars differ?
    Deoxyribose has a 2'-H; ribose has a 2'-OH group
  • What type of bond links nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain?
    Phosphodiester bond between the 3' carbon of one sugar and the phosphate group of the next
  • Describe the directionality of DNA strands.
    DNA strands are antiparallel: one runs 5'→3', the other 3'→5'
  • What bases pair together in DNA and by what type of bond?
    Adenine pairs with Thymine; Guanine pairs with Cytosine via hydrogen bonds
  • Why can't adenine pair with guanine or cytosine with thymine?
    Because base pairing occurs only between a purine and a pyrimidine, maintaining consistent DNA width
  • Which base pair is stronger, G-C or A-T, and why?
    G-C base pairs are stronger because they form three hydrogen bonds, while A-T pairs form two
  • What is the structure of DNA?
    Double helix formed by two antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral
  • How does RNA structure differ from DNA?
    RNA is typically single stranded and contains ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine
  • What are the three main types of RNA?
    mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), and tRNA (transfer RNA)
  • What is the role of nucleic acids in gene expression?
    DNA directs RNA synthesis; RNA controls protein synthesis
  • What is the sugar-phosphate backbone in nucleic acids?
    A repeating chain of sugar and phosphate groups linked by phosphodiester bonds
  • What is the complementary DNA strand to 5'-ATCGTGAC-3'?
    5'-GTCACGAT-3'
  • What is the complementary RNA sequence to 5'-ATCGTGAC-3'?
    5'-GUCACGAU-3'
  • What functional groups are found in nitrogenous bases?
    Amino and keto groups that participate in hydrogen bonding
  • What type of bond forms between the sugar and phosphate group in nucleotides?
    Phosphodiester bond
  • What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends in DNA strands?
    5' end has a phosphate group; 3' end has a hydroxyl group; directionality is critical for replication and transcription
  • How does base pairing contribute to DNA's function?
    Ensures accurate replication and stable double helix structure through complementary hydrogen bonding