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Chapter 4 exam

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What is energy

    Energy is the capacity to do work or cause change, required for all cellular processes.

  • Define work in a biological context.

    Work = Force x Distance moved; energy is needed to perform work in cells.

  • Difference between potential and kinetic energy.

    Potential energy is stored energy (e.g., in chemical bonds).

    Kinetic energy is energy of motion (e.g., muscle contraction).

  • What role does ATP play in cells?

    ATP is the cell's energy currency; breaking its bonds releases energy to drive cellular processes.

  • State the law of conservation of energy in biology.

    Energy can be converted but cannot be created or destroyed; some energy is lost as heat during conversions.

  • What is entropy and how do living things relate to it?

    Entropy is disorder or randomness; living things must work to counteract increasing entropy.

  • How does energy flow through ecosystems?

    Energy flows from the sun to producers (via photosynthesis) and then to consumers; energy is not recycled.

  • Difference between producers and consumers.

    Producers convert solar energy to chemical energy via photosynthesis; consumers obtain energy by eating producers.

  • Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

    Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, organelles containing chlorophyll, the primary pigment.

  • What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?

    Inputs: H2O and CO2. Outputs: O2 and sugars (glucose).

  • Describe the two stages of photosynthesis.

    Light reactions capture sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH; Calvin cycle uses these to synthesize sugars.

  • What is produced by the Calvin cycle?

    The Calvin cycle produces a 3-carbon sugar called G3P, which plants use to make glucose.

  • What is cellular respiration?

    Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose using oxygen to produce ATP, with CO2 and H2O as by-products.

  • How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration linked?

    Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose; cellular respiration releases that energy for cellular work. Products of one are reactants of the other.

  • What is aerobic respiration?

    Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, occurs in mitochondria, and produces more ATP than anaerobic processes.

  • Compare aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

    Aerobic uses oxygen and produces more ATP; anaerobic occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP and by-products like lactic acid.

  • What is a calorie in nutrition?

    A calorie is the amount of chemical energy stored in food; a nutritional Calorie (capital C) equals 1,000 calories (kilocalorie).

  • How do carbohydrates enter cellular respiration?

    Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which enters glycolysis to begin cellular respiration.

  • Outline the main stages of aerobic glucose metabolism.

    Glycolysis (cytoplasm, no O2), Krebs cycle (mitochondria), and electron transport chain (mitochondria, requires O2) produce most ATP.

  • What happens during anaerobic metabolism in muscles?

    When oxygen is low, glycolysis continues producing ATP and pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid, which can cause muscle fatigue.

  • How long can stored ATP and creatine phosphate supply muscle energy?

    Stored ATP supplies about 5 seconds; creatine phosphate provides about 15 seconds of additional energy.