Chapters 1-5 AP-Bio test

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations

A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise

Elements with the same amount of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Weak bonds between polar molecules between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative other element

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges

The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls, in this case by means of hydrogen bonds

The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion in a solution

Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and from droplets in water

Having an affinity for water

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A substance that resduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions

(0-14)

A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids of bases are added to the solution

S, P, O, N, C, H

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures and hence different properties

Differ in the arrangement of covalent bonding partners

Differ in arrangement about a double bond. Element is on opposite sides of the element or the same side

Differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules (ex. polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids)

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, called monomers

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

A macromolecule that serves as a catalyst, increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed. Most are proteins

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of C-H2-O

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

A storage polysaccharide in plants, formed entirely by glucose monomers with glycosidic linkages

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

Any in a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or a triglyceride

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and the number and placement of double bonds

A fatty acid with only single bonds, meaning it has the maximum amount of hydrogens along the carbon skeleton

A fatty acid with one or more double bonds, reducing the amount of hydrogen able to bond to the carbon skeleton.

An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, consisting of one or more trans double bonds

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The heads (glycerol and phosphate group) are hydrophilic and the tails (fatty acids) are hydrophobic. Often a part of cell membranes/walls

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached

A type of steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other important steroids, like hormones

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, formed by a dehydration reaction

The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone

The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

The overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive

Occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature

A coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins. The two types are DNA and RNA

Uses deoxyribose sugar (without oxygen) and the nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

Uses ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar (pentose) covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

One of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

One of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine and Guanine

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions)