IndietroChemical Basis of Life - General Biology
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A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally; polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally, creating partial charges.
An ionic bond forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract.
Molecular formulas show the number and types of atoms; structural formulas show how atoms are bonded and the bond types.
Ball-and-stick models show atoms and bonds in 3D geometry; space-filling models show the relative space occupied by atoms.
Because water is polar, it interacts with charged or partially charged molecules, allowing them to dissolve.
Hydrophobic molecules are uncharged, nonpolar compounds that do not dissolve in water and cluster together via hydrophobic interactions.
Carbon forms four covalent bonds, allowing it to create diverse and complex organic molecules essential for life.
Organic compounds contain carbon bonded to other elements, forming a limitless array of molecular shapes and bond combinations.
Amino, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups.
Amino groups attract protons and act as bases.
Carboxyl groups release protons and act as acids.
Carbonyl groups provide sites for linking molecules into more complex compounds.
Hydroxyl groups act as weak acids.
Phosphate groups carry two negative charges.
Sulfhydryl groups link together via disulfide bonds, stabilizing protein structure.
Macromolecules are large molecules made of smaller subunits called monomers joined together.
Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers.
A reaction where monomers join by forming a bond and releasing a water molecule.
Hydrolysis is the reverse of condensation; water breaks bonds between monomers, separating them.