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Chemical Context of Life - General Biology

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What are the four most abundant elements in living organisms?
    The four most abundant elements are oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N).
  • Define an atom.
    An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
  • What subatomic particles make up an atom?
    Atoms are made of protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative charge).
  • What determines the atomic number of an element?
    The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
  • What is an isotope?
    Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
  • Explain the concept of atomic mass.
    Atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
  • What is a chemical bond?
    A chemical bond is an attraction that holds atoms together in molecules.
  • Describe an ionic bond.
    An ionic bond forms when one atom transfers electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.
  • Describe a covalent bond.
    A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
  • What is electronegativity?
    Electronegativity is an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond.
  • What is a polar covalent bond?
    A polar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity.
  • What is a hydrogen bond?
    A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another.
  • Why is water considered a polar molecule?
    Water is polar because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, causing an uneven distribution of charge.
  • What properties of water arise from its polarity and hydrogen bonding?
    Water has high cohesion, adhesion, specific heat, and solvent abilities due to polarity and hydrogen bonding.
  • Define cohesion in water.
    Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.
  • Define adhesion in water.
    Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other substances.
  • What is the significance of water's high specific heat?
    Water's high specific heat allows it to resist temperature changes, stabilizing environments.
  • What is an acid in terms of H+ concentration?
    An acid increases the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
  • What is a base in terms of H+ concentration?
    A base reduces the concentration of H+ ions, often by releasing OH- ions.
  • What does the pH scale measure?
    The pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution, indicating acidity or alkalinity.
  • What is a buffer?
    A buffer is a substance that minimizes changes in pH by accepting or donating H+ ions.