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Essential Chemistry for Biology and Water and Life

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  • What are the main elements that make up most living organisms CHNOPS?

    Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen , phosporus, and sulfer are the four main elements that make up most living organisms.

  • Define an atom.

    An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

  • What subatomic particles make up an atom?

    Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

  • What determines the atomic number of an element?

    The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number of an element.

  • What is an isotope?

    An isotope is a variant of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

  • Define a molecule.

    A molecule is two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

  • What is a covalent bond?

    A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

  • What is an ionic bond?

    An ionic bond is formed when one atom donates electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.

  • Why is water considered a polar molecule?

    Water is polar because of the unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms, creating partial charges.

  • What property of water allows it to dissolve many substances?

    Water's polarity allows it to act as a universal solvent, dissolving many ionic and polar substances.

  • Explain hydrogen bonding in water.

    Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between the partial positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the partial negative oxygen of another.

  • What is cohesion in water?

    Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding, causing them to stick together.

  • Define adhesion in the context of water.

    Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other substances.

  • What is surface tension in water?

    Surface tension is the result of cohesive forces at the surface of water, allowing it to resist external force.

  • How does water moderate temperature?

    Water has a high specific heat, meaning it can absorb or release a lot of heat with little temperature change, helping to moderate climate and body temperature.

  • What is the significance of water's high heat of vaporization?

    Water requires a lot of energy to evaporate, which helps organisms cool down through processes like sweating.

  • Define pH.

    pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, indicating how acidic or basic a solution is.

  • What is an acid in biological terms?

    An acid increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, lowering the pH.

  • What is a base in biological terms?

    A base reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, raising the pH.

  • Why are buffers important in biological systems?

    Buffers help maintain stable pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions as needed.