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Exam 1 Flashcards

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Termini in questo insieme (36)

  • Biological Community
    All the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area.
  • Difference between Bacteria and Archaea
    Bacteria are common prokaryotes; Archaea often live in extreme environments.
  • Prokaryotes vs. Eukarya
    Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; Eukarya have cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Reductionism
    Approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components for study.
  • Energy Flow in Ecosystems
    Energy flows from sunlight to producers (plants, algae) and then to consumers (animals, fungi).
  • Origin of Oxygen in Earth's Atmosphere
    Attributed to photosynthetic organisms, especially cyanobacteria.
  • Characteristics of Plants
    Multicellular, photosynthetic, with cell walls made of cellulose.
  • Characteristics of Animals
    Multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs, lack cell walls.
  • Characteristics of Fungi
    Mostly multicellular, absorptive heterotrophs, with cell walls made of chitin.
  • Evolutionary Success
    Measured by reproductive success (fitness) and passing genes to the next generation.
  • Darwin's Principles
    Descent with modification and natural selection explain unity and diversity of life.
  • Scientific Hypothesis
    A testable explanation for an observation.
  • Controlled Experiment
    An experiment where only one variable is changed at a time.
  • Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data
    Qualitative is descriptive, non-numerical; quantitative is numerical measurements.
  • Covalent Bonding
    Atoms share electrons, e.g., in H2O.
  • Polar Covalent Bonding
    Unequal sharing of electrons, e.g., in H2O.
  • Ionic Bonding
    Transfer of electrons from one atom to another, e.g., NaCl.
  • Hydrogen Bonding
    Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, e.g., between water molecules.
  • Van der Waals Interactions
    Weak attractions due to transient local charges.
  • Atoms and Subatomic Particles
    Protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-); mass number = protons + neutrons.
  • Valence Electrons
    Electrons in the outermost shell that determine chemical reactivity.
  • Isotopes
    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic
    Hydrophilic substances dissolve in water; hydrophobic substances do not.
  • Acids, Bases, and Buffers
    Acids donate H+; bases accept H+; buffers minimize pH changes.
  • pH Scale
    Ranges from 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong base); 7 is neutral.
  • Four Most Abundant Elements in Humans
    Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N).
  • Hydrolysis Reaction
    Breaking a bond by adding water; splits polymers into monomers.
  • Dehydration Reaction
    Forming a bond by removing water; joins monomers into polymers.
  • Protein Primary Structure
    Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
  • Secondary Protein Structure
    Local folding (α-helix, β-sheet) stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
  • Tertiary Protein Structure
    Overall 3D shape of a polypeptide.
  • Peptide Bonds
    Covalent bonds linking amino acids.
  • Cellulose and Chitin
    Cellulose is a plant cell wall polysaccharide; chitin is found in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.
  • Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
    Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid.
  • Functional Groups in Amino Acids
    Amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH); side chain (R group) varies.
  • Nitrogenous Bases and Pairing
    Adenine pairs with Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA); Cytosine pairs with Guanine.