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Exam 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • Bacteria
    Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Archaea
    Single-celled prokaryotes often living in extreme environments; many extremophiles belong here.
  • Eukarya
    Organisms with cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
  • Hypothesis
    A testable explanation for an observation or phenomenon.
  • Theory
    A well-supported explanation of natural phenomena backed by extensive evidence and testing.
  • Independent Variable
    The factor purposely changed or manipulated in an experiment.
  • Dependent Variable
    The factor measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable.
  • Controlled Experiment
    An experiment where only one variable changes while others remain constant; includes control and experimental groups.
  • Properties of Living Things
    Living things are made of cells, use energy, grow, reproduce, respond to environment, maintain homeostasis, and have DNA.
  • Three Domains of Life
    Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • Hierarchy of Biological Organization
    Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.
  • Trace Element
    An element required by organisms in very small but essential amounts.
  • Atom Structure
    Protons (+) and neutrons (0) in nucleus; electrons (-) in shells around nucleus.
  • Isotope
    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Covalent Bond
    A bond formed when atoms share electrons.
  • Ionic Bond
    A bond formed when one atom transfers electrons to another, creating charged ions.
  • Electronegativity
    An atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond.
  • Polar Molecule
    A molecule with unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial positive and negative charges.
  • Hydrogen Bond
    A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom on another molecule.
  • Cohesion vs Adhesion
    Cohesion: attraction between molecules of the same substance; Adhesion: attraction between different substances.
  • Acid/Base and pH Scale
    Acids have pH < 7 (high H⁺), bases pH > 7 (low H⁺), neutral pH = 7 (equal H⁺ and OH⁻).
  • Organic Compound
    Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen, forming the basis of most biological molecules.
  • Dehydration Reaction
    Reaction that joins monomers into polymers by removing water.
  • Hydrolysis Reaction
    Reaction that breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.
  • Monomers and Polymers
    Carbohydrates: monosaccharides; Proteins: amino acids; Nucleic acids: nucleotides.
  • Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats
    Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid.
  • Four Levels of Protein Structure
    Primary: amino acid sequence; Secondary: alpha helices and beta sheets; Tertiary: 3D folding; Quaternary: multiple chains.
  • DNA Structure
    Nucleotides with phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base; sugar-phosphate backbone with hydrogen-bonded bases.