IndietroExam 2 Questions
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Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack?
The ability to reproduce on their own
The protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus
Capsid
a viral life cycle that results in bursting of the host cell.
Lytic Cycle
a viral life cycle in which the virus inserts its genome into the genome of its host, where it may remain dormant for long periods
Lysogenic Cycle
a viral genome that has inserted itself into the genome of its host.
Prophage
a virus that specifically infects bacteria.
Bacteriophage
What is radiometric dating?
The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes
A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________.
a common ancestor and all its descendants
The introduction of smallpox to the Americas by Europeans in the colonial era devastated populations of Native Americans. However, now very few people are vaccinated against the smallpox virus. Why?
Smallpox virus has been eliminated from the earth by vaccination of most of the people alive today.
In the RNA virus , what is the role of reverse transcriptase?
Reverse transcriptase copies RNA to make DNA.
The formation of new species
Speciation
Ancestral population splits into two
Branching
Ancestral population gradually changes into a new, distinct species
Nonbranching
The emergence of subpopulations that have accumulated independent genetic changes
Diversification
major changes in the history of life on Earth and includes mechanisms such as the formation of new species (speciation), the evolution of novel features, and mass extinctions, which are captured in the fossil record.
Macroevolution
Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?
That species were permanent and unchanging
The study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and throughout geological time
Biogeography
A study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
Comparative Anatomy
The acquisition, storage, analysis, and dissemination of biological data.
Bioinformatics
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another
Population
Anything that prevents successful interbreeding between species.
Reproductive Barrier
Two species living in the same area never meet to mate because they use different habitats.
Habitat Isolation
Two populations reproduce at different times of the day or in different seasons
Temporal Isolation
Anatomical differences prevent successful mating
Mechanical isolation
Where sperm and egg, or pollen and ovule, cannot fuse, keeping species separate
Gametic isolation
The evolution of populations due to chance is
Genetic Drift
Which eukaryotic structures are thought to have been the result of extensive inward folding of the plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryotic cell?
The endoplasmic reticulum
The earliest hominin to use fire was __________.
Homo Erectus
Changes in genes within a population over time
Microevolution
Mutations are always __________.
a change in an individual’s DNA
When a population is separated by a physical barrier, causing reproductive isolation.
Allopatric Speciation
Speciation occurring without physical separation of members of the population.
Sympatric
any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another
Gene Flow
Any selection that arises from fitness differences associated with nonrandom success in mating
Sexual Selection
When a population's size is reduced for at least one generation
Bottleneck Effect
What is the original source of variation that natural selection can act upon?
Mutation
The ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change.
Homeostasis
A rapid physiological reaction of the body towards tissue damage and microbial invasion
Inflammatory Response
Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?
Vaccine
What is the condition in which the body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle?
Allergy
Binary fission produces __________.
two genetically identical bacterial cells
Patients with advanced AIDS often die from infections that do little harm to healthy people. Why?
HIV infects and destroys the helper T cells of the immune system.
Which of the following pathogens causes mad cow disease?
A prion
How do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens?
Memory Cells
A virus enters your system and successfully invades and infects a cell. At this point it is vulnerable to recognition or attack by _____.
T cells
When a B cell binds to a virus or other pathogen, it _____.
becomes activated, divides rapidly, and thereby mounts a specialized response against the pathogen.
Found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Ribosomes
found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Binary Fission
A degenerative brain disorder transmitted by cannibalism is called ________.
Kuru
There are many organs and glands of the endocrine system, but which one is the master controller?
Hypothalamus
An agent in the environment that has the potential to cause disease.
Pathogen
A collection of cells and organs that protect an organism's body from agents that can cause disease.
Immune System
Always at the ready and are the same whether a particular infectious agent has been encountered before or not.
External Defenses
A set of defenses that is customized to each infectious agent, providing a stronger response when an agent has been encountered before.
Adaptive Immunity
The process of engulfing and destroying a foreign particle.
Phagocytosis
a set of proteins that circulate in the blood, stimulating other defenses to help destroy an invader.
Complement System
A bacterium internalized bits of DNA from its environment.
Transformation
The building of a physical bridge between two bacteria. DNA then moves across this bridge from a donor cell to a recipient cell.
Conjugation
The transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a virus.
Transduction
A small circular molecule of DNA that reproduces independently of the larger bacterial chromosome.
Plasmid