Exam 3 flashcards :) Contains chapter 9 and 10

loss

gain

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water

C6H1206 602 6C02 6H2O

1 Glycolysis

2 Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)

3 Electron Transport Chain

Cytoplasm

two: energy investment phases, and energy payoff phase.

2 ATP split glycolysis into 2 3-carbon sugar molecules.

4 ATP synthesized, 2 NAD+ are reduced (redox reaction) to NADH. Small sugars get oxidized to form 2 pyruvates and water.

ATP and NADH (2 of each)

Not a stage but necessary step. Pyruvate converts to acetyl coenzyme -> acetyl CoA.

Mitochondrial matrix

Redox

8

CoA is removed and a 4-carbon skeleton is added. Two carbons leave and become water bc of the NAD+. 2 ATP produced while 2 carbons disappear. Now the molecule is back to the 4-carbon skeleton and connects to another CoA molecule to repeat this process.

inner mitochondrial membrane

plasma membrane

Electrons drop in free energy as they are transferred down the chain passing O2 -> H2O

*No ATP produced by chain*

The energy released as electrons that are used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. H+ goes down concentration gradient via ATP synthase. The H+ makes the ATP synthase spin and that phosphorylates the ADP to ATP

glycolysis

Anabolic or fermentation

1. It transfers electrons to pyruvate of either alcohol (ethanol) releasing CO2 or lactate which pryuvate gets directly reduced by NADH to form lactate and NAD+. No release of CO2

Process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within the chloroplasts

"Self-feeders" don't eat anything derived from other organisms

Get organic materials from other organisms. Almost all depend on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen

Mesophylls (interior tissue of the leaves) Has ~30-40 chloroplasts

The holes on the leaves for gas exchange

Dense fluid where everything is suspended

Connected sacs that make up a third of the membrane system, inside of chloroplasts.

Pigment that makes plants green

Carbon dioxide + water -> light-> Glucose + Oxygen

6C0 6H2O C6H12O6 6CO2

Chloroplasts split water into hydrogen and oxygen, making the electrons of hydrogen into a sugar molecule and releasing oxygen gas as a by-product

2

Light reactions and the Calvin Cycle

Location: Thylakoid

Process: water molecules split proving electrons and protons

Outcomes: oxygen released, ADP phosphorylated to make ATP, reduction in electron accepter (NADP+ -> NADPH)

Location: Stroma

Process: 6CO2 incorporated into organic compounds

Outcomes: Electrons added to fixed carbon to create a carbohydrate, energy from NADPH and ATP from light reactions are used to fuel the Calvin Cycle

is electromagnetic, meaning travels in rhythmic waves

measure between 2 crests of 2 waves

Radiation with visible light being the driving force behind photosynthesis as well as producing the colors that we see (380-740nm)

Inversely related to the wavelength of the light. They are fixed particles of energy.

substance that absorbs visible light, different pigments are capable of absorbing wavelengths.

The absorbed wavelengths disappear and the

others are reflected, transmitting the reflected

colors to our eyes to be seen as color.

Chlorophyll absorbs violet-blue and red-light white reflecting and transmitting light

3 types

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Carotenoids

the light-capturing pigment that participates directly in light

reactions

an accessory pigment

another group of accessory pigments that can be photosynthetic

When a pigment molecule absorbs light, one of its electrons goes from a ground

state to an excited state, which is unstable; in isolation, excited electrons will fall back to

the ground state, releasing excess energy as heat or light

consists of a reaction-center complex which is surrounded by a light-harvesting complex

an association of proteins holding a special par of chlorophyll a molecules, as well as a primary electron acceptor.

accepts excited electrons from the chlorophyll a molecule, beginning the light reaction process

consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins that transfers the energy of photons to the chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction-center

Linear electron flow is the primary pathway for electrons, an eight-step process which

involve both photosystems I and II that produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

photoexcited electrons cycle back from Fd to the cytochrome complex instead of being

transferred to NADP+, utilizing only photosystem I

Electrons are passed to a P700 chlorophyll in the PS I reaction center via the plastocyanin molecule (Pc)

It produces ATP, but no NADPH or oxygen results from this

three-phase, anabolic process

1 Carbon fixation

2 Reduction

3 Regeneration

The binding of CO2 to a five-carbon sugar named ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase [rubisco]

The six-carbon intermediate molecule is immediately split into two molecules of 3-

phosphoglycerate (for each CO2 fixed)

Each molecule of 3- phosphoglycerate is altered through phosphorylation by six ATP and reduction by six NADPH to ultimately produce a G3P sugar

For every three CO2 molecules that enter the cycle, six molecules of G3P are formed and only one of these can be counted as a net gain of carbohydrate

The remaining five molecules of G3P are rearranged in a complex series of reactions yielding three molecules of RuBP

Three additional molecules of ATP are used to facilitate the regeneration of RuBP