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Fundamentals of Biomolecules in General Biology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What are the four main classes of biological macromolecules?
    Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids.
  • What is a polymer and what are its building blocks called?
    A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating smaller units called monomers.
  • What process builds polymers from monomers?
    Dehydration synthesis (condensation) removes water to form bonds between monomers.
  • What process breaks polymers into monomers?
    Hydrolysis adds water to break bonds and release monomers.
  • Why is carbon essential in biological molecules?
    Carbon can form four bonds, branch in multiple directions, and create diverse molecular shapes.
  • What is a functional group in organic molecules?
    A functional group is a specific group of atoms that participates in chemical reactions and determines molecule properties.
  • Name three important functional groups in biomolecules.
    Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxyl (-COOH), and Amino (-NH2) groups.
  • What is the monomer and polymer of proteins?
    Monomer: Amino acid; Polymer: Polypeptide or Protein.
  • What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?
    Peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis link amino acids.
  • What determines the unique properties of amino acids?
    The side chain (R group) determines amino acid properties and protein folding.
  • What are the four levels of protein structure?
    Primary (amino acid sequence), Secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), Tertiary (3D folding), and Quaternary (multi-subunit assembly).
  • How do changes in pH or temperature affect proteins?
    They can cause denaturation, disrupting hydrogen and ionic bonds, leading to loss of structure and function.
  • What are nucleic acids made of?
    Polymers of nucleotides, each composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
  • What is the difference between DNA and RNA sugars?
    DNA contains deoxyribose (lacking an -OH at 2' carbon), RNA contains ribose with an -OH at 2'.
  • What bases are found in DNA and RNA?
    DNA: A, T, G, C; RNA: A, U, G, C (Uracil replaces Thymine).
  • How do nucleotides link to form nucleic acids?
    Via phosphodiester bonds between the 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl groups.
  • What is the directionality of nucleic acid strands?
    Strands run 5' to 3' direction, with antiparallel complementary strands in DNA.
  • What is the base pairing rule in DNA?
    Adenine pairs with Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds), Guanine pairs with Cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds).
  • What is ATP and its role?
    Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the cell's energy currency, providing energy for cellular processes.
  • What is the effect of acidic and basic functional groups at cellular pH?
    Acidic groups tend to lose H+ and become negatively charged; basic groups tend to gain H+ and become positively charged.