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Gene Expression and Regulation - General Biology

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What is the flow of genetic information in cells?
    Genetic information flows in a one-way direction known as the Central Dogma: DNA > RNA > Protein.
  • What molecule serves as the permanent hereditary blueprint in cells?
    DNA is the permanent hereditary molecule that stores genetic information.
  • What molecule acts as the cell's 'molecular workers' performing physical tasks?
    Proteins are the cell's molecular workers that perform physical labor.
  • What is the main difference between DNA and RNA strands?
    DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded.
  • What sugar is found in RNA but not in DNA?
    Ribose sugar is found in RNA, whereas DNA contains deoxyribose.
  • Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA replacing thymine in DNA?
    Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.
  • Why can RNA leave the nucleus while DNA cannot?
    RNA's single-stranded nature and smaller size allow it to exit the nucleus.
  • What is transcription?
    Transcription is the process of copying a gene's DNA sequence into an RNA strand.
  • Where does transcription occur and which enzyme drives it?
    Transcription occurs in the nucleus and is driven by RNA polymerase.
  • What is the role of the promoter in transcription?
    The promoter is a DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
  • What modifications occur to pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA?
    A 5' cap and poly-A tail are added, introns are removed, and exons are spliced together.
  • What is translation?
    Translation is decoding mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to build a protein.
  • Where does translation take place in the cell?
    Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.
  • What are the two subunits of a ribosome responsible for?
    The small subunit binds mRNA; the large subunit binds tRNA and catalyzes peptide bonds.
  • What signals the start and end of translation?
    Translation starts at the start codon (AUG) and ends at one of three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA).
  • What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
    mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome.
  • What is the function of tRNA during translation?
    tRNA delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome and has an anticodon complementary to mRNA codons.
  • What does rRNA do in the cell?
    rRNA combines with proteins to form ribosomal subunits and catalyzes protein synthesis.
  • What is a codon?
    A codon is a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies an amino acid or a start/stop signal.
  • What is an anticodon?
    An anticodon is a sequence of three bases in tRNA complementary to an mRNA codon.
  • How many nucleotides make up one codon?
    One codon consists of three nucleotides.
  • What is the significance of the redundancy in the genetic code?
    Redundancy means multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, reducing the impact of some mutations.
  • What is the difference between exons and introns?
    Exons are coding sequences kept in mRNA; introns are noncoding sequences removed during RNA processing.
  • What is the main goal of transcription versus translation?
    Transcription copies DNA into RNA; translation decodes RNA into a protein.
  • What is the starting signal for transcription?
    The promoter region, often containing the TATAAA sequence, signals transcription start.
  • What are the three stop codons in translation?
    The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA.
  • What enzyme synthesizes RNA from a DNA template?
    RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA during transcription.
  • What is the template strand in transcription?
    The template strand is the DNA strand used by RNA polymerase to make complementary RNA.