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General Biology: A Tour of the Cell

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Termini in questo insieme (23)

  • Why must cells be small?
    Cells must be small to maintain a high surface-to-volume ratio, which is necessary for efficient transport of nutrients and wastes.
  • What are the two main categories of cells?
    The two main categories are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
  • What is the endosymbiotic theory?
    It proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from simple cells that incorporated other cells, which became organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • Name three common prokaryotic cell shapes.
    Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spiral, and Cocci (spherical).
  • What is the function of the prokaryotic cell capsule or slime layer?
    It protects the cell from environmental threats and helps in attachment to surfaces.
  • What is the composition and function of the prokaryotic cell wall?
    Made of peptidoglycan, it provides structure and protection.
  • What are flagella, fimbriae, and conjugation pili in prokaryotes?
    Flagella provide motility, fimbriae help attachment, and conjugation pili allow genetic material exchange.
  • What are inclusions in prokaryotic cells?
    Stored granules of substances needed by the cell.
  • What is the function of ribosomes?
    Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
  • What are the components of the cytoskeleton?
    Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
  • What is the role of microfilaments?
    They provide structural support, form microvilli, and aid cytoplasmic streaming.
  • What are microtubules made of and their functions?
    Made of tubulin, they form cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle, and serve as tracks for intracellular transport.
  • Describe the structure and function of flagella in eukaryotic cells.
    Flagella have a 9+2 microtubule structure, anchored by a basal body, and move the cell with whip-like motions.
  • What is the centrosome and its role?
    The centrosome organizes microtubules and creates the mitotic spindle during cell division.
  • Differentiate between rough ER and smooth ER.
    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
  • What is the function of the Golgi complex?
    It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
  • What is the role of lysosomes?
    Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules and cellular debris.
  • Describe the mitochondrion's function and structure.
    Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration and have a double membrane with inner folds called cristae.
  • What is the function of chloroplasts?
    Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy.
  • What are peroxisomes responsible for?
    Peroxisomes digest lipids and detoxify harmful substances.
  • What is stored in vacuoles and where are they commonly found?
    Vacuoles store substances like starch or water and are found in plants and some protists.
  • What are the key features of the eukaryotic nucleus?
    It contains DNA, has a double phospholipid bilayer membrane, nucleolus for ribosome synthesis, and nuclear pores for transport.
  • Outline the process of hydrolytic enzyme formation in the cell.
    1) RER synthesizes enzymes; 2) enzymes transported to Golgi in vesicles; 3) Golgi modifies and packages enzymes; 4) enzymes released in lysosomes.