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General Biology: Atoms, Elements, and Chemical Bonds

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What determines the chemical reactivity of an atom?
    The electrons in the outermost or valence shell determine an atom's chemical reactivity.
  • How many electrons make an atom's valence shell stable?
    Shell 1 is stable with 2 electrons; Shells 2 and 3 are stable with 8 electrons each.
  • What is the atomic number of an element?
    The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom and defines the element.
  • In an uncharged atom, how are protons and electrons related?
    The number of protons equals the number of electrons in an uncharged atom.
  • How many valence electrons does carbon have?
    Carbon has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell.
  • What is the octet rule in chemistry?
    Atoms are most stable when they have 8 electrons in their valence shell (2 for the first shell).
  • What are chemical bonds?
    Chemical bonds are interactions between valence electrons of atoms that hold atoms close together.
  • What is a covalent bond?
    A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells.
  • How many bonds can carbon form and why?
    Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds because it needs 4 more electrons to fill its valence shell.
  • What is the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?
    Non-polar covalent bonds share electrons equally; polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally due to different electronegativities.
  • What is electronegativity?
    Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a bond.
  • Which atoms are highly electronegative?
    Oxygen and nitrogen are highly electronegative atoms.
  • What symbol denotes partial charges in polar covalent bonds?
    Partial positive and negative charges are denoted by δ+ and δ- respectively.
  • What is an ionic bond?
    An ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating charged ions attracted to each other.
  • What determines the type of bond between two atoms?
    The difference in electronegativity between two atoms determines if the bond is non-polar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic.
  • What type of bond is formed between hydrogen (H) and chlorine (Cl) with electronegativities 2.1 and 3.0?
    A polar covalent bond is formed because the electronegativity difference is 0.9.
  • What is oxidation in redox reactions?
    Oxidation is the loss or donation of electrons by an atom or molecule.
  • What is reduction in redox reactions?
    Reduction is the gain or acceptance of electrons by an atom or molecule.
  • What is the structure of an atom?
    An atom consists of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells.
  • What are the three main subatomic particles and their charges?
    Protons (+1), neutrons (0), and electrons (-1) are the main subatomic particles.