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General Biology: Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonds

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What determines the chemical reactivity of an atom?
    The electrons in the outermost or valence shell determine an atom's chemical reactivity.
  • What is the maximum number of electrons in the first three electron shells?
    Shell 1 holds up to 2 electrons, Shell 2 up to 8, and Shell 3 up to 8 electrons.
  • What makes an atom stable?
    An atom is stable when its valence shell is full: 2 electrons in shell 1, 8 in shell 2, and 8 in shell 3.
  • What defines an element?
    The atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus, defines an element.
  • What is the relationship between protons and electrons in a neutral atom?
    In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
  • How do atoms with incomplete outer shells achieve stability?
    They interact by sharing, donating, or receiving electrons to complete their valence shells, forming chemical bonds.
  • What are the two main types of chemical bonds?
    Ionic bonds (transfer of electrons) and covalent bonds (sharing of electrons).
  • What is a covalent bond?
    A bond formed by the sharing of outer electrons between atoms.
  • What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
    Polar covalent bonds have unequal sharing of electrons causing partial charges; nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally.
  • What is electronegativity?
    The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond.
  • Which atoms are highly electronegative?
    Oxygen and Nitrogen are highly electronegative atoms.
  • What type of bond forms when the electronegativity difference is large (>1.7)?
    An ionic bond forms due to electron transfer and attraction between oppositely charged ions.
  • What is oxidation in redox reactions?
    Oxidation is the loss or donation of electrons by an atom.
  • What is reduction in redox reactions?
    Reduction is the gain or acceptance of electrons by an atom.
  • How do you determine the type of bond between two atoms?
    Calculate the difference in electronegativity; small difference = nonpolar covalent, moderate = polar covalent, large = ionic.
  • What is the octet rule?
    Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have 8 electrons in their valence shell for stability.
  • How many bonds can carbon form and why?
    Carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds to complete its octet.
  • What is a double bond?
    A covalent bond where two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms.
  • What is a triple bond?
    A covalent bond where three pairs of electrons are shared between atoms.
  • What is the significance of polarity in biomolecules?
    Polarity affects biomolecule structure and function by creating partial charges and directional interactions.