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General Biology: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

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  • What are prokaryotes?
    Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, with a single circular DNA molecule located in the nucleoid region.
  • Which domain contains extreme thermophiles and what is a key adaptation?
    The Archaea domain contains extreme thermophiles that can grow at very high temperatures, such as 121°C, with adaptations to stabilize proteins and membranes.
  • What is the major role of prokaryotes in ecosystems?
    Prokaryotes play key roles in nutrient cycling, including nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and supporting food webs.
  • What cell feature in bacteria contains peptidoglycan?
    The cell wall of bacteria contains peptidoglycan, which provides structural support and protection.
  • Which bacterial cell features contribute to biofilm formation?
    Features like the capsule and fimbriae help bacteria adhere to surfaces and form biofilms.
  • What bacterial structure is primarily involved in motility?
    The flagella are responsible for bacterial motility.
  • Name the three mechanisms promoting genetic diversity in prokaryotes.
    Transformation, transduction, and conjugation are the three main processes that increase genetic diversity in prokaryotes.
  • What is transformation in bacteria?
    Transformation is the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA from the environment into a bacterial cell, altering its genotype and possibly phenotype.
  • What is transduction in bacteria?
    Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).
  • Describe bacterial conjugation.
    Conjugation is a one-way transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient bacterium via a pilus.
  • How are prokaryotes categorized by energy and carbon sources?
    Prokaryotes are categorized as phototrophs or chemotrophs by energy source, and autotrophs or heterotrophs by carbon source.
  • Define photoautotrophs.
    Photoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from CO2 or related compounds; examples include cyanobacteria and plants.
  • Define chemoautotrophs.
    Chemoautotrophs obtain energy from inorganic chemicals and carbon from CO2; unique to certain prokaryotes like Sulfolobus.
  • Define photoheterotrophs.
    Photoheterotrophs use light for energy but require organic compounds as a carbon source; found in some aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes.
  • Define chemoheterotrophs.
    Chemoheterotrophs obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds; includes many prokaryotes, protists, fungi, animals, and some plants.
  • What are the oxygen-related metabolic types in prokaryotes?
    Obligate aerobes require O2, obligate anaerobes are poisoned by O2, and facultative anaerobes can survive with or without O2.
  • What is the endosymbiont theory?
    The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
  • What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
    Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and a well-developed cytoskeleton.
  • What is a protist?
    Protists are mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi; they form a polyphyletic group.
  • Name the four supergroups of eukaryotes.
    The four supergroups are Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Amorphea.
  • What major clades make up the SAR supergroup?
    SAR includes Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians.
  • Which supergroup includes plants and green algae?
    The Archaeplastida supergroup includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.
  • What organisms are included in the Amorphea supergroup?
    Amorphea includes animals, fungi, and some protists like amoebas and slime molds.
  • What is the significance of the Excavata supergroup?
    Excavata includes protists such as human parasites like trypanosomes.
  • Describe the gametic life cycle in eukaryotes.
    In the gametic life cycle, the diploid organism produces haploid gametes by meiosis; gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
  • Describe the alternation of generations life cycle.
    Alternation of generations alternates between a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte multicellular stage.
  • Describe the zygotic life cycle.
    In the zygotic life cycle, the haploid organism produces gametes by mitosis; the diploid zygote undergoes meiosis immediately.