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General Biology: Biomolecules and Macromolecules

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Termini in questo insieme (24)

  • What are the four main classes of biological macromolecules?
    Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids.
  • What is a polymer and what are its building blocks?
    A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating smaller units called monomers.
  • What process links monomers to form polymers?
    Dehydration synthesis (condensation) removes water to form a new bond between monomers.
  • How are polymers broken down into monomers?
    Hydrolysis adds water to break bonds and release monomers.
  • What is the monomer and polymer for carbohydrates?
    Monomer: Monosaccharide; Polymer: Polysaccharide.
  • What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?
    Monomers: Amino acids; Polymers: Polypeptides (proteins).
  • What is the role of carbon in biological molecules?
    Carbon forms four bonds, can branch in four directions, and forms the backbone of organic molecules.
  • What are functional groups in organic molecules?
    Specific groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions and determine molecule properties.
  • Name three important functional groups in biomolecules.
    Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxyl (-COOH), and Amino (-NH2) groups.
  • What happens to the amino group in an aqueous cellular environment?
    It can accept a proton and form a positive charge ion.
  • What happens to the carboxyl group in an aqueous cellular environment?
    It can donate a proton and form a negative charge ion.
  • What is the molecular formula of glucose?
    C6H12O6.
  • What is the formula of a disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules via dehydration synthesis?
    C12H22O11 (loss of one water molecule).
  • What type of bond links amino acids in a protein?
    Peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis.
  • What determines the folding and function of a protein?
    The chemical nature of the side chains (R groups) of amino acids.
  • What are the four levels of protein structure?
    Primary (amino acid sequence), Secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), Tertiary (3D folding), and Quaternary (multi-subunit assembly).
  • How can changes in pH or temperature affect proteins?
    They can cause denaturation, disrupting hydrogen and ionic bonds, leading to loss of function.
  • What are nucleotides composed of?
    A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
  • What is the difference between DNA and RNA sugars?
    DNA contains deoxyribose (lacking 2' OH), RNA contains ribose (with 2' OH).
  • What bases are found in DNA and RNA?
    DNA: A, T, G, C; RNA: A, U, G, C.
  • How are nucleotides linked in nucleic acids?
    By phosphodiester bonds between the 3' hydroxyl of one sugar and the 5' phosphate of the next.
  • What is the directionality of nucleic acid strands?
    Strands run 5' to 3' and are antiparallel in double-stranded DNA.
  • What is complementary base pairing in DNA?
    A pairs with T via two hydrogen bonds; G pairs with C via three hydrogen bonds.
  • What is ATP and its role?
    Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of the cell.