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General Biology: Biomolecules and Macromolecules

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What are the four main classes of biological macromolecules?
    Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids.
  • What is a polymer and what are its building blocks called?
    A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating smaller units called monomers.
  • What process builds polymers from monomers?
    Dehydration synthesis (condensation) removes water to form new bonds between monomers.
  • What process breaks polymers into monomers?
    Hydrolysis adds water to break bonds and release monomers.
  • Why is carbon essential in biological molecules?
    Carbon can form four bonds, branch in multiple directions, and create diverse molecules essential for life.
  • What are functional groups in organic molecules?
    Specific groups of atoms attached to carbon skeletons that determine chemical properties and reactions.
  • Name three important functional groups in biomolecules.
    Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxyl (-COOH), and Amino (-NH2) groups.
  • What is the monomer and polymer of proteins?
    Monomer: Amino acid; Polymer: Polypeptide or Protein.
  • What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?
    Peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis link amino acids.
  • What determines the folding and function of a protein?
    The chemical properties of the side chains (R groups) of amino acids.
  • What are the four levels of protein structure?
    Primary (amino acid sequence), Secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), Tertiary (3D folding), and Quaternary (multi-subunit assembly).
  • How can changes in pH or temperature affect proteins?
    They can cause denaturation, disrupting bonds and altering protein shape and function.
  • What is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids?
    Monomer: Nucleotide; Polymer: DNA or RNA.
  • What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
    A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
  • What is the difference between DNA and RNA sugars?
    DNA contains deoxyribose (lacking 2' OH), RNA contains ribose (with 2' OH).
  • Which bases pair in DNA and how many hydrogen bonds do they form?
    Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) via 2 H-bonds; Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) via 3 H-bonds.
  • What type of bond links nucleotides in a nucleic acid strand?
    Phosphodiester bonds link the 3' hydroxyl of one sugar to the 5' phosphate of the next.
  • What is the role of ATP in cells?
    Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency, providing energy for cellular processes.
  • What are carbohydrates made of and what is their polymer called?
    Monomers: Monosaccharides; Polymer: Polysaccharides.
  • What are lipids composed of and do they form polymers?
    Composed of glycerol and fatty acids; they do not form true polymers.